Upper Extremity Flashcards

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upper extremity

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This makes up the PECTORAL (or SHOULDER) GIRDLE.[a]The two clavicles and the two scapulae.

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The clavicle connects which bones?[a]This bone links the sternum to the scapula.

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spine of the scapula – features[a]This structure has the acromion at one end and the root at the other.

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glenoid fossa – function[a]This strucure receives the head of the humerus to form the GLENOHUMERAL JOINT (shoulder joint).

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glenoid labrum -describe[a]This is the lip of cartilage around edge of glenoid fossa

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coracoid process – location[a]This is the most anterior feature of the scapula, for muscle attachment.

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HUMERUS – describe[a]This is the largest bone of the upper extremity.

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Head of humerus articulates with?[a]This part of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa.

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surgical neck – describe[a]This is the constriction distal to the head of humerus, a common fracture site.

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greater tubercle – describe[a]This is the large and lateral bump for muscle attachment for three (3) of the rotator cuff muscles.

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lesser tubercle – describe[a]This is the small and anterior bump for muscle attachment of one (1) of the rotator cuff muscles.

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intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove – describe[a]This is the groove located between the tubercles which stabilizes one of the tendons (long head) of the biceps brachii muscle.

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trochlea – describe[a]This is the spool-shaped projection at the distal end of the humerus which receives the trochlear notch of the ulna to form the humeroulnar joint.

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capitulum – describe[a]This is the round projection lateral to the trochlea that receives the top of the head of the radius to form the radiohumeral joint.

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olecranon fossa – describe[a]This is located on the posterior surface of the humerus just proximal to the trochlea which receives olecranon process of ulna in full extension of the elbow.

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coronoid fossa – describe[a]This is located on the anterior surface of the humerus, just proximal to the trochlea which receives the coronoid process of the ulna in full flexion of the elbow.

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lateral/medial epicondyles – describe[a]This are the small bumps at distal ends of supracondylar ridges which serve as muscle attachment sites.

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Acromioclavicular joint is formed by what bones?[a]This is the joint between the scapula and the clavicle.

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Sternoclavicular joint is formed by what bones?[a]This is the joint between the sternum and the clavicle.

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Glenohumeral joint is formed by what bones?[a]This is the joint between the scapula and the humerus.

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olecranon process – describe[a]This is the prominence of ulna which forms the proximal lip of the trochlear notch.

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coronoid process – describe[a]This forms distal lip of trochlear notch of ulna.

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trochlear (semilunar) notch – describe[a]This part of the ulna wraps around the trochlea of the humerus.

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radial notch – describe[a]This structure receives the head of the radius to form the PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT.

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styloid process – describe[a]This is located on both the radius and ulna at their most distal extremity.

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ulnar notch – describe[a]This structure is located at distal end of radius and receives head of ulna to form the DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT.

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Interosseous membrane – describe[a]This is the fibrous connective (ligamentous) tissue that connects the radius and the ulna along their length. It helps to stabilize the forearm.

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Proximal Row of carpals – list[a]scaphoid (also called the navicular), lunate triquetrum, pisiform (easily palpated)

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Distal Row of carpals – list[a] trapezium (tubercle easily palpated), trapezoid, capitate, hamate (the hook of the hamate is easily palpated)

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Bones of the RADIOCARPAL JOINT – list[a]The radius, scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum .

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What do you have 5 of in each hand?[a]METACARPALS

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What do you have 14 in each hand?[a]PHALANGES

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upper extremity reversed

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PHALANGES location and number?[a]14 in each hand and foot

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METACARPALS location and number?[a]5 of in each hand

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The radius, scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum form which joint?[a]Bones of the RADIOCARPAL JOINT

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What is the fibrous connective (ligamentous) tissue that connects the radius and the ulna along their length?[a]Interosseous membrane

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What structure is located at distal end of radius and receives head of ulna to form the DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT?[a]ulnar notch

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What is located on both the radius and ulna at their most distal extremity?[a]styloid process

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What structure receives the head of the radius to form the PROXIMAL RADIOULNAR JOINT?[a]radial notch

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Which part of the ulna is actually in contact with the trochlea of the humerus?[a]trochlear (semilunar) notch

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What forms distal lip of trochlear notch of ulna?[a]coronoid process

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What is the prominence of ulna which forms the proximal lip of the trochlear notch?[a]olecranon process

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What is the joint between the scapula and the humerus?[a]Glenohumeral joint

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What is the joint between the sternum and the clavicle?[a]Sternoclavicular joint

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What is the joint between the scapula and the clavicle?[a]Acromioclavicular joint

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What are the small bumps at distal ends of supracondylar ridges which serve as muscle attachment sites?[a]lateral/medial epicondyles

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What is located on the anterior surface of the humerus, just proximal to the trochlea which receives the coronoid process of the ulna in full flexion of the elbow?[a]coronoid fossa

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What is located on the posterior surface of the humerus just proximal to the trochlea which receives olecranon process of ulna in full extension of the elbow?[a]olecranon fossa

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What is the round projection lateral to the trochlea that receives the top of the head of the radius to form the radiohumeral joint?[a]capitulum

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What is the spool-shaped projection at the distal end of the humerus which receives the trochlear notch of the ulna to form the humeroulnar joint?[a]trochlea

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What is the groove located between the tubercles which stabilizes one of the tendons (long head) of the biceps brachii muscle?[a]intertubercular sulcus/bicipital groove

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What is the small and anterior bump for muscle attachment of one (1) of the rotator cuff muscles?[a]lesser tubercle

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What is the large and lateral bump for muscle attachment for three (3) of the rotator cuff muscles?[a]reater tubercle

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What is the constriction distal to the head of humerus; a common fracture site?[a]surgical neck

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Which part of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa?[a]Head of humerus

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What is the largest bone of the upper extremity?[a]HUMERUS

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What is the most anterior feature of the scapula, for muscle attachment?[a]coracoid process

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What is the lip of cartilage around edge of glenoid fossa?[a]glenoid labrum

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What strucure receives the head of the humerus to form the GLENOHUMERAL JOINT (shoulder joint)?[a]glenoid fossa

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What structure has the acromion at one end and the root at the other?[a]spine of the scapula

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What bone links the sternum to the scapula?[a]The clavicle

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The two clavicles and the two scapulae make up what structure?[a]the PECTORAL (or SHOULDER) GIRDLE

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Pelvic Bones Flashcards

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Pelvis

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Define PELVIC GIRDLE[a]This structure is formed by two bones, the OS COXAE.

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Define os coxa[a]This structure is formed by the fusion of three distinct bones – the ILIUM, ISCHIUM and PUBIS.

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Define Ilium[a]This is the most superior bone of the os coxa.

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Define Ischium[a]This is the inferior, posterior bone of the os coxa.

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Define Pubis[a]This is the most anterior, inferior bone of the os coxa.

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Define Acetabulum[a]This is a very deep socket that articulates with the HEAD OF THE FEMUR to form the ILIOFEMORAL joint.

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Define Obturator Foramen[a]This is the largest foramen in the body, formed by the pubis and the ischium and covered by a membrane and muscles.

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Define Iliac Crest[a]This is the most superior margin of os coxa.

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Define Anterior Superior Iliac Spine: (ASIS)[a]This is the tip at the anterior end of the iliac crest.

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Define Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine[a]This is the lower tip at the anterior end of the iliac crest.

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Define Posterior Superior Iliac Spine[a]This is the superior spine overhanging the sacrum at the posterior end of the iliac crest. Lies just lateral to L5.

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Define Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine[a]This is the inferior spine overhanging the sacrum inferior to the PSIS.

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Define Greater Sciatic Notch[a]This is the huge notch just inferior and lateral to the PIIS. Provides passage for the SCIATIC NERVE.

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Define Iliac Fossa[a]This is the depression on the anterior (medial) surface of the ilium which is filled with the muscle iliacus.

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Define Auricular Surface[a]This articulates with AURICULAR SURFACES of the SACRUM to form the SACROILIAC JOINTS.

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Define Sacrospinous Ligaments[a]Which ligaments run from the sacrum to the spine of the ischium.

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Define Ischial Tuberosity[a]This is the large, rounded prominence of ischium that you usually sit on.

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Define Ischial (a.k.a. Sciatic) Spine[a]This is the bony prominence just inferior to the greater sciatic notch.

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Define Lesser Sciatic Notch[a]This is the notch just inferior to the ischial spine. A muscle passes through this groove (obturator internus)

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Define Symphysis Pubis[a]This is a disk of fibrocartilage that joins the os coxae together. It is between the pubic bodies of both os coxae.

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Define Inferior Ramus[a]This is the portion of the pubis connecting the body to the ischial ramus.

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Define Superior Ramus[a]This is the bony part connecting the body of the pubis to the ilium near the acetabulum.

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Define Pubic Crest[a]This is the anterior, superior edge of the pubic body.

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Define Pubic Tubercle[a]This is the small bump at medial tips of pubic crest.

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PELVIS list the bones[a]This is composed of four bones – two os coxae, sacrum, coccyx.

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Define Anterior Tilt [a]In this condition the ASIS lies anterior to the pubic crest on the coronal plane.

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Define Posterior Tilt [a]In this condition the ASIS lies posterior to the pubic crest on the coronal plane.

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Head of the femur joins with what?[a]This bone articulates with the acetabulum.

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Pelvis reversed

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Which bone articulates with the acetabulum?[a]Head of the femur

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In what condition does the ASIS lie posterior the pubic crest on the coronal plane?[a] Posterior Tilt

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In what condition does the ASIS lie anterior to the pubic crest on the coronal plane?[a] Anterior Tilt

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What is composed of four bones – two os coxae, sacrum, coccyx?[a]PELVIS

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What is the small bump at medial tips of pubic crest?[a] Pubic Tubercle

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What is the anterior, superior edge of the pubic body?[a] Pubic Crest

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What is the bony part connecting the body of the pubis to the ilium near the acetabulum?[a] Superior Ramus

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What is the portion of the pubis connecting the body to the ischial ramus?[a] Inferior Ramus

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What is a disk of fibrocartilage that joins the os coxae together?[a] Symphysis Pubis

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What is the notch just inferior to the ischial spine?[a] Lesser Sciatic Notch

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What is the bony prominence just inferior to the greater sciatic notch?[a] Ischial (a.k.a. Sciatic) Spine

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What is the large, rounded prominence of ischium that you usually sit on?[a] Ischial Tuberosity

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Which ligaments run from the sacrum to the spine of the ischium?[a] Sacrospinous Ligaments

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What articulates with AURICULAR SURFACES of the SACRUM to form the SACROILIAC JOINTS?[a] Auricular Surface

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What is the depression on the anterior (medial) surface of the ilium which is filled with the muscle iliacus?[a] Iliac Fossa

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What is the huge notch just inferior and lateral to the PIIS?[a] Greater Sciatic Notch

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What is the inferior spine overhanging the sacrum inferior to the PSIS?[a] Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine

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What is the superior spine overhanging the sacrum at the posterior end of the iliac crest?[a] Posterior Superior Iliac Spine

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What is the lower tip at the anterior end of the iliac crest?[a] Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine

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What is the tip at the anterior end of the iliac crest?[a] Anterior Superior Iliac Spine: (ASIS)

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What is the most superior margin of os coxa?[a] Iliac Crest

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What is the largest foramen in the body, formed by the pubis and the ischium and covered by a membrane and muscles?[a] Obturator Foramen

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What is a very deep socket that articulates with the HEAD OF THE FEMUR to form the ILIOFEMORAL joint?[a] Acetabulum

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What is the most anterior, inferior bone of the os coxa?[a] Pubis

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What is the inferior, posterior bone of the os coxa?[a] Ischium

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What is the most superior bone of the os coxa?[a] Ilium

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What structure is formed by the fusion of three distinct bones;the ILIUM, ISCHIUM and PUBIS?[a] os coxa

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What structure is formed by two bones, the OS COXAE?[a] PELVIC GIRDLE

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Lower Extremity Flashcards

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osteology – lower extremity

[qdeck]

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Define Fovea[a]This is a slight depression on the head of the femur.

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What is the pubic angle of a female?[a]A pubic angle of greater than 90 degrees is found on a female.

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Define Greater Trochanter[a]This is a very large bulge at the lateral aspect of the proximal shaft of the femur.

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Define Lesser Trochanter[a]This is a medial and posterior, smaller bump across from the greater trochanter.

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Define Linea Aspera[a]This is a rough line all along posterior shaft of the femur with many muscle attachments.

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Define Femoral Condyles[a]These are huge, rounded processes which articulate with the TIBIA to form part of the knee joint.

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Define Patellar Surface[a]This is an anterior space between the condyles of the femur. The PATELLA rides along this groove and rests in it.

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Define Intercondylar Notch[a]This is a posterior and inferior notch between the two condyles.

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Define Popliteal Surface or Space[a]This is a triangular space on the posterior, distal femur formed by the supracondylar lines.

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Define Adductor Tubercle[a]This is a small bump on the superior edge of medial epicondyle of the femur.

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Define Medial/Lateral Condyles of Tibia[a]These are the two flat condyles which articulate with medial/lateral condyles of femur to form part of the TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT (knee).

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Define Intercondylar Eminence[a]This is a peg-like projections of the tibia that fits into the intercondylar notch of the femur.

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Define Tibial Tuberosity[a]This is a large, prominent bump on anterior, proximal shaft of the tibia.

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Define Tibial Crest[a]This is a sharp edge on the anterior shaft of the tibia.

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Define Medial Malleolus[a]This is the medial “ankle bone. Part of the tibia.

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Define Soleal Line[a]This is a rough oblique line on posterior, proximal shaft of the tibia.

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Define PATELLA[a]This is a sesamoid bone that everyone has.

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Define Meniscus[a]These are the semilunar cartilages.

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Define Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments[a]These are intracapsular ligaments of the knee.

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Define FIBULA[a] the lateral leg bone.

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Define Lateral Malleolus[a] lateral “ankle bone”, part of the fibula.

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Define Interosseous Membrane[a]This membrane lies between the tibia and fibula.

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Define Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis[a]This is the amphiarthrotic joint where ligaments bind the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.

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Which group of 7 bones is in the foot?[a] tarsals

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This group of 14 bones is in the foot?[a]phalanges

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Define Talus[a]This is the most proximal tarsal.

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Define Calcaneous[a]This is the most posterior and largest of the tarsals … heelbone.

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Define Navicular[a]This bone is anterior to the talus on the medial aspect of the foot.

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Define Cuneiforms[a]These are the three small bones anterior to the navicular numbered I, II, III (medial, intermediate, and lateral).

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Define Cuboid[a]This is the tarsal lateral to cuneiforms and anterior to calcaneus.

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osteology – lower extremity reversed

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What is the tarsal lateral to cuneiforms and anterior to calcaneus?[a]Cuboid

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What are the three small bones anterior to the navicular numbered I, II, III (medial, intermediate, and lateral)?[a]Cuneiforms

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Which bone is anterior to the talus on the medial aspect of the foot?[a]Navicular

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Which is the most posterior and largest of the tarsals … heelbone?[a]Calcaneous

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What is the most proximal tarsal?[a]Talus

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What is the number of phalanges in one foot?[a]14 bones

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What is the number of tarsals in one foot?[a] bones

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What is the amphiarthrotic joint where ligaments bind the distal ends of the tibia and fibula?[a]Distal Tibiofibular Syndesmosis

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What are the criss-crossing of ligaments between the tibia and fibula?[a]Interosseous Membrane

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Which is the lateral “ankle bone”, part of the fibula?[a]Lateral Malleolus

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Which is the lateral leg bone?[a]FIBULA

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Which are intracapsular ligaments of the knee?[a]Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments

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What are the semilunar cartilages?[a]Meniscus

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What is a sesamoid bonethat everyone has?[a]PATELLA

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What is a rough oblique line on posterior, proximal shaft of the tibia?[a]Soleal Line

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What is the medial “ankle bone?[a]Medial Malleolus

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What is a sharp edge on the anterior shaft of the tibia?[a]Tibial Crest

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What is a large, prominent bump on anterior, proximal shaft of the tibia?[a]Tibial Tuberosity

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What is a peg-like projections of the tibia that fits into the intercondylar notch of the femur?[a]Intercondylar Eminence

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Which are the two flat condyles which articulate with medial/lateral condyles of femur to form part of the TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT (knee)?[a]Medial/Lateral Condyles of Tibia

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What is a small bump on the superior edge of medial epicondyle of the femur?[a]Adductor Tubercle

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What is a triangular space on the posterior, distal femur formed by the supracondylar lines?[a]Popliteal Surface or Space

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What is a posterior and inferior notch between the two condyles?[a]Intercondylar Notch

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What is an anterior space between and proximal to the condyles of the femur? The PATELLA rides along this groove and rests in it.[a]Patellar Surface

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What are huge, rounded articular processes which articulate with the TIBIA to form part of the knee joint?[a]Femoral Condyles

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What is a rough line all along posterior shaft of the femur with many muscle attachments?[a]Linea Aspera

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What is a medial and posterior, smaller bump across from the greater trochanter?[a]Lesser Trochanter

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What is a very large bulge at the lateral aspect of the proximal shaft of the femur?[a]Greater Trochanter

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A pubic angle of greater than 90 degrees is found on a male or a female?[a] female

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What is a slight depression on the head of the femur?[a]Fovea

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Axial Skeleton Flashcards

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Vertebrae

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What structure is made of 80 bones[a] the axial skeleton

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What structure is made of 126 bones[a]the appendicular skeleton

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What structure is made of 26 bones[a] vertebral column

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Which part of the VC is made of 7 bones[a] cervical

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Which part of the VC is made of 12 bones[a] thoracic

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Which part of the VC is made of 5 bones[a]lumbar

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What structure is made of 5 fused vertebrae[a] sacrum

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posterior (primary) curves – list[a]thoracic and sacral curves

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anterior (secondary) curves – list[a] the cervical and lumbar curves

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What is the lowest bone in the vertebral column/[a] the coccyx

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What are the most anterior structure of vertebra?[a] the body of the vertebra

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What are the pedicles?[a]These are the “bridges” between the body and the transverse processes of the vertebrae (Each has a superior and inferior VERTEBRAL NOTCH.)

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What are the laminae?[a]These are the “bridges” between the transverse processes and spinous processes of the vertebrae (When the column is stacked they form the LAMINAR GROOVE.)

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What is the neural arch?[a]This structure is formed by the pedicles and laminae on the posterior portion of the vertebra.

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What are the transverse processes?[a]These are located on each side of a vertebra, point laterally and are used for muscle and rib attachment in the thoracic region.

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Where are the spinous process[a]These are the most posterior portion of a vertebra.

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What are the SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS and INFERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS for?[a]These structures forms joints with adjacent vertebrae

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The POSTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS are composed of which processes?[a]These joints are formed by the inferior and superior articular processes of the posterior vertebrae.

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Where are the ANTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS/ SYMPHYSES?[a]These are the joints located between the vertebral bodies.

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intervertebral disc – structure[a] fibrocartilage surrounnding a colloid (acts like a shock absorber)

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The annulus fibrosus is part of what?[a] fibrocartilage outer part of a disc

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The nucleus pulposus is part of what?[a] gelatinous fluid within a disc

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transverse foramina – location[a] small holes in the transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae

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bifid spinous processes – location[a] the spinous processes of C2-C6 forked to accommodate the nuchal ligament

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C1 aka[a] the atlas

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C2 aka[a] the axis

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Which bones make up the atlantooccipital joint[a] the atlas and condyles (rounded bumps) of the occipital bone of the skull

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What movement does the atlantoaxial joint allow for[a]This joint permits neck rotation. (Looks like shaking your head “no” and is a synovial pivot joint.)

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vertebra prominens – location[a] C7

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Vertebrae reversed

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What is located at C7?[a]vertebra prominens

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What is the joint that permits neck rotation? (Looks like shaking your head “no” and is a synovial pivot joint.)[a]the atlantoaxial joint

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What is the joint between the atlas and condyles (rounded bumps) of the occipital bone of the skull?[a] the atlantooccipital joint

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What vertebea forms the axis?[a]C2

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What vertebrea forms the atlas?[a]C1

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How are the spinous processes of C2-C6 different?[a]bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina

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What are the small holes in the transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae?[a]transverse foramina

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What is the gelatinous fluid within a disc?[a]The nucleus pulposus

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What is the collagenous(fibrous) outer part of a disc?[a]The annulus fibrosus

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What is made of fibrocartilage and acts like a shock absorber?[a]intervertebral disc

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What are the joints located between the vertebral bodies?[a] ANTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS/ SYMPHYSES

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What joints are formed by the inferior and superior articular processes of the posterior vertebrae?[a]The POSTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS

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What structures forms the posterior joints with adjacent vertebrae?[a] the SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS and INFERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS

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What is located on the most posterior portion of a vertebra?[a] the spinous process

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What is located on each side of a vertebra, point laterally and are used for muscle and rib attachment in the thoracic region?[a] the transverse processes

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What is the structure formed by the pedicles and laminae on the posterior portion of the vertebra?[a] the neural arch

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What are the “bridges” between the transverse processes and spinous processes of the vertebrae? (When the column is stacked they form the LAMINAR GROOVE)[a]the laminae

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What are the “bridges” between the body and the transverse processes of the vertebrae? (Each has a superior and inferior VERTEBRAL NOTCH.)[a] the pedicles

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Where is the body of the vertebra?[a] the most anterior structure of vertebra

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What are the cervical and lumbar curves?[a]anterior (secondary) curves

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What are the thoracic and sacral curves?[a]posterior (primary) curves

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What is the sacrum made of?[a] 5 fused vertebrae

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What is the number of lumbar vertebrae?[a] 5 bones

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What is the number of thoracic vertebrae?[a] 12 bones

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What is the number of cervical vertebrae?[a] 7 bones

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What is the number of bones in the vertebral column?[a]of 26 bones

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What is the number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?[a]126 bones

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What is the number of bones in the axial skeleton?[a] 80 bones

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What is the number of bones in the entire skeleton?[a]206 bones

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Vertebral column thorax and skull

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COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS – describe[a]These joints are located between the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and the heads of the ribs.

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List the bones of the the thorax[a]the ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum compose.

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True Ribs aka[a]These are the vertebrosternal ribs

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False Ribs aka[a]These are the vertebrochondral and floating ribs.

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costal cartilage – describe[a] This binds ribs to sternum.

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xiphoid process – describe[a]That is the lowest portion of the sternum and the site of muscle attachment for diaphragm and rectus abdominus.

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GOMPHOSES – location[a]These type of joints are located between the teeth and alveoli.

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SUTURES – location[a]These type of joints bind the cranial bones together.

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Sagittal suture – location[a] the suture between parietal bones.

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Coronal suture – location[a] the suture between frontal and parietal bones.

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Squamosal suture – location[a]the suture between temporal bones and parietal/frontal/sphenoid bones.

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Lambdoidal suture – location[a] the suture between occipital and parietal bones.

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Fontanels – location[a] The “soft spots” on infants heads where the bones of the skull have not ossified.

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incus aka[a] anvil.

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malleus aka[a] hammer.

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stapes aka[a] stirrup. (it even looks like one)

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Vertebral column thorax and skull reversed

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Which auditory ossicle is called the stirrup? [a]stapes

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Which auditory ossicle is called the hammer?[a]malleus

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Which auditory ossicle is called the anvil?[a]incus

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Name the “soft spots” on infants heads where the bones of the skull have not ossified.[a]Fontanels

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Name the suture between occipital and parietal bones.[a]Lambdoidal suture

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Name the suture between temporal bones and parietal/frontal/sphenoid bones.[a]Squamosal suture

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Name the suture between frontal and parietal bones.[a]Coronal suture

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Name the suture between parietal bones.[a]Sagittal suture

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Which type of joints bind the cranial bones together?[a]SUTURES

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Which type of joints are located between the teeth and alveoli?[a]GOMPHOSES

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What is the lowest portion of the sternum and the site of muscle attachment for diaphragm and rectus abdominus?[a]xiphoid process

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What attaches ribs to sternum?[a]costal cartilage

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Which are the vertebrochondral and floating ribs?[a] False Ribs

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Which are the vertebrosternal ribs[a]True Ribs

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What do the bones of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum compose?[a]the thorax

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Which joints are located between the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and the heads of the ribs?[a]COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS

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skull

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NASAL BONES – describe [a] the bridge of the nose.

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INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE – describe [a]These scroll shaped bones articulate with the ethmoid.

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VOMER – describe [a] the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

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ZYGOMATIC (MALAR) BONES – describe [a] These bones form the prominence of the cheeks and part of orbit.

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the cranial bones – list [a] frontal (1), parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital (1), ethmoid (1), and sphenoid (1).

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PALATINE BONES – describe [a] These are the “L” shaped bones that contribute to the roof of the mouth.

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LACRIMAL BONES – describe [a]These are the smallest bones of the face and lie in the medial walls of the orbits.

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List the Facial bones:[a]the nasal (2), maxilla (2), lacrimal (2), zygomatic (2), mandible (1), inferior nasal conchae (2), palatine (2), vomer (1)

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foramen magnum – function [a]This is the hole through which the spinal cord exits the cranium.

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occipital condyles – function [a]These features articulate with the superior articular processes of the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint.

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supraorbital ridge – location [a]This is the ridge forming superior margin of orbit of the frontal bone.

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PARIETAL BONES – function [a]These bones form the side walls and bulk of the roof of the cranium.

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OCCIPITAL BONE – function [a]This bone forms the lower cranial floor.

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external auditory meatus – location [a]This is the canal through the temporal bone.

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mandibular fossa – describe [a]This is the indentation anterior to the auditory meatus of the temporal bone that receives the mandibular condyle o form the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT.

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styloid process – describe [a]This projects down from the temporal bone and suspends the hyoid

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mastoid process – describe [a]large rounded bumps that serve as a muscle attachment for the sternocleidomastiod. (temporal)

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sella turcica – describe [a] “seat” or “saddle” for the pituitary gland. (sphenoid)

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ETHMOID – describe [a]This forms most of nasal cavity, a tiny part of cranial floor and some of the orbit.

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crista galli “cock’s comb” – describe [a]This structure which anchors the DURA MATER of the brain to the ethmoid bone.

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turbinates – describe [a]These are the scroll-shaped projections covered by a mucous membrane that extend from the labyrinths into the cavity of ethmoid.

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MANDIBLE – describe [a] the lower jawbone.

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mandibular condyle – describe [a]This is the rounded projection on the posterior aspect of the ramus that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

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alveolar ridge w/ alveoli – describe [a]These are the portions of the mandible and maxillae that receive teeth.

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MAXILLARY BONES- describe [a] the upper jaw bones.

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skull reversed

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What is the name of the upper jaw bones?[a]MAXILLARY BONES

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What is the portion of the mandible and maxillae that receive teeth?[a]alveolar ridge w/ alveoli

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What is the rounded projection on the posterior aspect of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone?[a]mandibular condyle

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What is the name of the lower jawbone?[a]MANDIBLE

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What are the scroll-shaped projections covered by mucous membrane that extend from the labyrinths into the cavity of ethmoid?[a]turbinates

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What is the structure which anchors the DURA MATER of the brain to the ethmoid bone?[a]crista galli “cock’s comb”

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What forms most of nasal cavity, a tiny part of cranial floor and some of the orbit?[a]ETHMOID

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What serves as a “seat” or “saddle” for the pituitary gland?[a]sella turcica

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What is the “keystone” of the skull?[a]SPHENOID BONE

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What are the large rounded bumps that serve as a muscle attachment for the sternocleidomastiod?[a] mastoid process

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What projects down from the temporal bone and suspends the hyoid?[a] styloid process

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What is the indentation anterior to the auditory meatus of the temporal bone that receives the mandibular condyle to form the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT?[a]mandibular fossa

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What is the canal through the temporal bone?[a]external auditory meatus

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Which bone forms the lower cranial floor?[a]OCCIPITAL BONE

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Which bones form the side walls and bulk of the roof of the cranium?[a]PARIETAL BONE

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What is the ridge forming superior margin of orbit of the frontal bone?[a]supraorbital ridge

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What features articulate with the superior articular processes of the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint?[a]occipital condyles

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What is the hole through which the spinal cord exits the cranium?[a]foramen magnum

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Which are the smallest bones of the face and lie in the medial walls of the orbits?[a]LACRIMAL BONES

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Which are the “L” shaped bones that contribute to the roof of the mouth?[a]PALATINE BONES

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Which bones form the prominence of the cheeks and part of orbit?[a]ZYGOMATIC (MALAR) BONES

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Which bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?[a]VOMER

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Which scroll shaped bones articulate with the ethmoid?[a]INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

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What bones make the bridge of the nose?[a]NASAL BONES

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What are the only freely movable joints of the skull?[a]TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS (TMJ)

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Muscle Histology Flashcards

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Muscle histology

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SMOOTH MUSCLE – describe[a]This type of muscle is INVOLUNTARY and NON-STRIATED.

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SMOOTH MUSCLE – location[a]This type of muscle is found in the digestive tract and blood vessels.

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CARDIAC MUSCLE – describe[a]This type of muscle is STRIATED AND INVOLUNTARY.

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SKELETAL MUSCLE – describe[a]This type of muscle is STRIATED AND VOLUNTARY.

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SARCOLEMMA – define[a]This is the name of muscle fiber membrane.

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ENDOMYSIUM – define[a]This is the name of the sheet of loose connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell.

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FASCICLES – define[a]This is a group of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue called the PERIMYSIUM.

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EPIMYSIUM – define[a]This is the name of the outer wrapping of the muscle.

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MYOFIBRILS – define[a]This is the name of the fine fibers found within the sarcolemma.

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MYOFILAMENTS are made of what?[a]Myosin and actin.

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SARCOMERES – define[a]These are repeating subunits that make up the myofibril.

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Z-lines – define[a]This is the structure that marks the ends of a sarcomere.

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Tropomyosin – define[a]This is the name of the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.

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T-TUBULES – define[a]This is the name of the tubules that penetrate the sarcomere from the surface of the cell.

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The SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM stores what?[a]This structure stores Ca++ inside the muscle cell.

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MOTOR UNIT – define[a]This is a motor neuron and the muscle cells it innervates.

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How many muscle cells do smaller motor units have?[a]Small motor units have as few as 3-5 muscle cells per neuron.

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How many muscle cells do larger motor units have?[a]Large motor units have as many as 1000 muscle cells per neuron.

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MYONEURAL or NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION – define[a]synapse between the motor neuron and the muscle cell meet.

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THE ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE – define[a]This principle states: there is no such thing as a partial contraction of a muscle fiber.

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Spasm – define[a]This is a sustained muscle contraction due to excessive neuromuscular activity. They can be short-term or long-term.

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HYPOTONIA – define[a]Decreased muscle tone

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ATONIA – define[a]Loss of muscle tone characteristic of paralysis)

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HYPERTONIA – define[a]Increased muscle tone

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Slow twitch muscle fibers – define[a]These are muscle fibers with lots of mitochondria, capillaries (aerobic) and resistance to fatigue.

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Fast twitch muscle fibers – define[a]This are muscle fibers that are strong, rapid, and fatigue easily.

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Muscle histology reversed

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What muscle fibers are strong, rapid, and fatigue easily?[a]Fast twitch muscle fibers

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What are muscle fibers with lots of mitochondria, capillaries (aerobic) and resistance to fatigue?[a]Slow twitch muscle fibers

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Increased muscle tone is called?[a]HYPERTONIA

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Loss of muscle tone is called? (Characteristic of paralysis)[a]ATONIA

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Decreased muscle tone is called?[a]HYPOTONIA

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What is a sustained muscle contraction due to excessive neuromuscular activity? They can be short-term or long-term.[a]Spasm

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What principle states: “There is no such thing as a partial contraction of a muscle fiber?”[a]THE ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE

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ACETYLCHOLINE is an example of what?[a]NEUROTRANSMITTER

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Where do the motor neuron and the muscle cell meet?[a]MYONEURAL or NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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Which motor units have as many as 1000 muscle cells per neuron?[a] larger motor units, i.e. in the quads

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Which motor units have as few as 2-5 muscle cells per neuron?[a]smaller motor units, i.e. in the hands and face for fine motor control

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What is the structure that includes the neuron and the muscle cells it innervates?[a]MOTOR UNIT

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What structure stores Ca++ inside the muscle cell?[a]The SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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What is the name of the tubules that penetrate the sarcomere from the surface of the cell?[a]T-TUBULES

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What is the name of the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed?[a]Tropomyosin/Troponin Complex

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What is the structure that marks the ends of a sarcomere?[a]Z-lines

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What is the name of the repeating subunits that compose the myofibril?[a]SARCOMERES

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Myosin and actin compose what structure?[a]MYOFILAMENTS

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What is the name of the fine fibers found within the sarcolemma?[a]MYOFIBRILS

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What is the name of the outer wrapping of the muscle?[a]EPIMYSIUM

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What is the name of groups of fibers surrounded by PERIMYSIUM?[a]FASCICLES

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What is the name of the sheet of loose connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell?[a]ENDOMYSIUM

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What is the name of muscle fiber membrane?[a]SARCOLEMMA

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What type of muscle is STRIATED AND VOLUNTARY?[a]SKELETAL MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is MYOGENIC?[a] CARDIAC MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is STRIATED AND INVOLUNTARY?[a]CARDIAC MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is found in the digestive tract and blood vessels?[a]SMOOTH MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is INVOLUNTARY and NON-STRIATED?[a]SMOOTH MUSCLE

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