[qdeck]

[q]

CHEMISTRY – define[a]WHAT IS THE STUDY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES.

[q]

ATOM – define[a]the fundamental unit of matter.

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Protons – define[a]the structures located in the nucleus that have mass and a positive charge (1+)

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Neutron – define[a] structures located in the nucleus that have mass and no charge.

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Electron – define[a]structures that have very small mass, a negative charge (-1) and move around the nucleus in orbitals. Interaction between these and various atoms is responsible for most chemical reactions.

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ATOMIC NUMBER – define[a] the number of protons in a given atom

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ELEMENT – define[a] substance composed of one kind of atom.

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Na is the symbol for which element?[a] sodium.

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K is the symbol for which element?[a] potassium.

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P is the symbol for which element?[a] phosphorus.

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Cl is the symbol for which element?[a] chlorine.

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IONS – define[a] the charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

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MOLECULE – define[a]a combination of two or more atoms.

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COMPOUND – define[a] a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.

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IONIC BONDS – define[a]A type of bond formed when ions that are joined together exchange electrons.

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COVALENT BONDS – define[a]A type of bond formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons.

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SYNTHESIS REACTIONS–ANABOLIC REACTIONS – define[a]These reactions involve the formation of large molecules from smaller molecules. (REQUIRE energy)

[q]

DECOMPOSTION REACTIONS–CATABOLIC REACTIONS – define[a]These reactions involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. (RELEASE energy)

[q]

SALT decomposes into what?[a]This compound breaks down into electrolytes (NA+ and Cl-) when dissolved in water.

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ACIDS decomposes into what?[a]THESE SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS (H+) and anions IN WATER.

[q]

BASES decomposes into what[a]THESE SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROXYL IONS (OH-) and cations IN WATER.

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What is the pH of blood?[a] 7.35-7.45 range. (fall out of this range and you will die in a few minutes)

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BUFFERS – function[a]This substance can bind any excess H+ or OH- ions introduced to a system and moderate pH. In practice your body neutralizes a strong acid with a weak base and visa versa.

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MIXTURE – define[a] A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS.

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SOLUTIONS – define[a]A a combination of a solvent (like water) and a solute (like salt) that stays evenly mixed.

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COLLOIDS – define[a]This mixture displays different characteristics depending upon the amount of heat in the system. (acts like jello)

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SUSPENSION – define[a]This mixture will allow particles to eventually settle out.(like oil and vinegar dressing)

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CARBOHYDRATES – function[a]These compounds are the the major source of fuel for the body.

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MONOSACCHARIDES – list[a] GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE.

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Disaccharides – list[a] ARE SUCROSE, MALTOSE AND LACTOSE.

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POLYSACCHARIDES – list[a]STARCH AND GLYCOGEN.

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS – function[a] They make up 2/3 of the cell membrane.

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LIPIDS – list[a] TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS.

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Triglycerides – function[a] These compounds provides long term energy, insulation and padding.

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STEROIDS – define[a] cholesterol based hormones, like estrogen and testosterone.

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PROTEINS – define[a]These molecules are composed of amino acids and form the structure of the body.

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Structural proteins – list[a] Collagen Keratin Actin and Myosin

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Functional proteins – list[a]enzymes Antibodies Hormones Hemoglobin Actin and Myosin

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ENZYMES – function[a]These are CATALYSTS and speed up chemical reactions.

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NUCLEIC ACIDS – list[a] DNA–deoxyribonucleic acid RNA–ribonucleic acid. (composed of nucleotides)

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[qdeck]

[q]

Which type of acids are these? DNA–deoxyribonucleic acid RNA–ribonucleic acid. (composed of nucleotides)[a]NUCLEIC ACIDS

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These are CATALYSTS and speed up chemical reactions?[a]ENZYMES function

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Which type of proteins are these: Enzymes, Antibodies, Hormones, Hemoglobin[a]Functional proteins

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Which type of proteins are these: Collagen, Keratin, Actin, and Myosin[a]Structural proteins

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What substance is composed of amino acids and forms the structure of the body?[a]PROTEINS

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What are cholesterol based hormones, like estrogen and testosterone?[a]STEROIDS

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What compounds provides long term energy, insulation and padding?[a]Triglycerides

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What kind of compounds are the following: TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS.[a]LIPIDS

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What molecule are cell membranes made of?[a]PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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WHAT KIND OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE STARCH AND GLYCOGEN?[a]POLYSACCHARIDES

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WHAT KIND OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUCROSE AND LACTOSE?[a]Disaccharides

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WHAT KIND OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE?[a]MONOSACCHARIDES

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What compounds are the the major source of fuel for the body?[a]CARBOHYDRATES

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Which mixtures will allow particles to eventually settle out?[a]SUSPENSION

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Which mixture displays different characteristics depending upon the amount of heat in the system? (acts like jello)[a]COLLOIDS

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What is a combination of a solvent and a solute that stays evenly mixed?[a]SOLUTION

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WHAT IS A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS?[a]MIXTURE

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Which type of substance can bind any excess H+ or OH- ions to moderate a change in pH? In practice your body neutralizes a strong acid with a weak base and visa versa.[a]BUFFERS

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WHICH SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROXYL IONS (OH-) and cations IN WATER?[a]BASES

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WHICH SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS (H+) and anions IN WATER?[a]ACIDS

[q]

Which compound breaks down into electrolytes when dissolved in water?[a]SALT

[q]

Which reactions involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules? (RELEASE energy)[a]DECOMPOSTION REACTIONS–CATABOLIC REACTIONS –

[q]

Which reactions involve the formation of large molecules from smaller molecules? (REQUIRE energy)[a]SYNTHESIS REACTIONS–ANABOLIC REACTIONS –

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What type of bond is formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons?[a]COVALENT BONDS

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What type of bond is formed when ions that are joined together exchange electrons?[a]IONIC BONDS

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What is a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms?[a]COMPOUND

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What is a combination of two or more atoms?[a]MOLECULE
[q]What are the charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons?[a]IONS

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What is the symbol for chlorine?[a]Cl

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What is the symbol for phosphorus?[a]P

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What is the symbol for potassium?[a]K

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What is the symbol for sodium?[a]Na

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What is the pure substance composed of one kind of atom?[a]ELEMENT

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What indicates the number of protons in a given atom and identifies the type of atom it is?[a]ATOMIC NUMBER

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What are the structures that have very small mass, a negative charge (-1) and move around the nucleus in orbitals. Interaction between these and various atoms is responsible for most chemical reactions.[a]Electron

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What are the structures located in the nucleus that have mass and no charge?[a]Neutron

[q]

What are the structures located in the nucleus that have mass and a positive charge (1+)[a]Protons

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What is the fundamental unit of matter?[a]ATOM

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WHAT IS THE STUDY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES?[a]CHEMISTRY

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[qdeck]

[q]

MODALITY – define[a]This term describes the different experiences we have for different senses.

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PROJECTION – define[a]This term describes the ability of the brain to experience sensation at the receptor.

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ADAPTATION – define[a]This term describes when the stimulus continues but perception stops.

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AFTER-IMAGE – define[a]This term describes when the stimulus STOPS but perception CONTINUES due to overstimulation of receptors.

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GENERAL SENSES – location[a]In which type of senses are receptors located all over the body.

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CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS are sensitive to what sensations?[a] pain, touch, heat, cold, and vibration.

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PROPIOCEPTORS – list[a] MUSCLE SPINDLE organs, GOLGI TENDON ORGANS & JOINT RECEPTORS.

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CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS – location[a] in the skin.

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VISCERAL RECEPTORS – location[a] in internal organs.

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NOCICEPTORS – function[a]This type of receptor perceives pain.

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HYPOXIA – define[a]lack of oxygen.

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ISCHEMIA – define[a]lack of blood.

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MUSCLE SPINDLES – location[a]These receptors are located in all skeletal muscle bellies.

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GOLGI TENDON ORGANS – location[a]These receptors are located in all musculotendinous junctions.

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JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS – location[a]These receptors are located in joint capsules and ligaments.

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MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGANS – function[a]This receptor monitors stretch of muscle cells and the speed which they are stretched.

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GOLGI TENDON ORGANS – function[a]These receptors monitor the tension exerted by the contracting muscle on the tendon.

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JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS – function[a]This type of receptor monitors position of the joint and speed which the joint changes positions.

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VISCERAL RECEPTORS – list[a] STRETCH RECEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS and PAIN RECEPTORS.

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Olfactory Nerve – function[a]This nerve transmits sense of smell.

[q]

Facial & Glossopharyngeal Nerves – sensory function[a]These nerves transmits sense of taste.

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Optic Nerve – function[a]This nerve transmits sense of vision.

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve – function[a]This nerve transmits sense of Hearing & Equilibrium.

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes the different experiences we have for different senses?[a]MODALITY

[q]

Which term describes the ability of the brain to experience sensation at the receptor?[a]PROJECTION

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Which term describes when the stimulus continues but perception stops?[a]ADAPTATION

[q]

Which term describes when the stimulus STOPS but perception CONTINUES due to overstimulation of receptors?[a]AFTER-IMAGE

[q]

In which type of senses are receptors located all over the body?[a]GENERAL SENSES

[q]

Which type of receptors detect pain, touch, heat, cold, and vibration?[a]CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS

[q]

Which type of receptors include MUSCLE SPINDLE organs, GOLGI TENDON ORGANS & JOINT RECEPTORS?[a]PROPIOCEPTORS

[q]

Which type of receptors are located in the skin?[a]CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS

[q]

Which type of receptors are located in internal organs?[a]VISCERAL RECEPTORS

[q]

Which type of receptors perceive pain?[a]NOCICEPTORS

[q]

Which term describes a lack of oxygen?[a]HYPOXIA

[q]

Which term describes a lack of blood?[a]ISCHEMIA

[q]

Which type of receptors are located in all skeletal muscle bellies?[a]MUSCLE SPINDLES

[q]

Which type of receptors are located in all musculotendinous junctions?[a]GOLGI TENDON ORGANS

[q]

Which type of receptors are located in joint capsules and ligaments?[a]JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS

[q]

Which type of receptors monitor stretch of muscle cells and the speed which they are stretched?[a]MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGANS

[q]

Which type of receptors monitor the tension exerted by the contracting muscle on the tendon?[a]GOLGI TENDON ORGANS

[q]

Which type of receptors monitor position of the joint and speed which the joint changes positions?[a]JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS

[q]

Which type of receptors include: STRETCH RECEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS and PAIN RECEPTORS?[a]VISCERAL RECEPTORS

[q]

Which theory describes when a new stimulus blocks a pain stimulus traveling through the same posterior gray horn?[a]Gate theory of Pain

[q]

Which nerve transmits sense of smell?[a]Olfactory Nerve

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Which nerve transmits sense of taste?[a]Facial & Glossopharyngeal Nerves

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Which nerve transmits sense of vision?[a]Optic Nerve

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Which nerve transmits sense of Hearing & Equilibrium?[a]Vestibulocochlear Nerve

[q]

Which are the 5 BASIC TASTES?[a] SWEET, BITTER, SOUR, SALTY,UMAMI

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

FIBROUS TUNIC – define [a] the outer layer of the eye.

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SCLERA – define [a] the white of the eye.

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CORNEA – define [a] the CLEAR area of the fibrous tunic through which light enters the eye.

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VASCULAR TUNIC – define [a] the middle layer of the eye.

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CHOROID – define [a] the vascular, dark, brown part of the vascular tunic.

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CILLIARY BODY – define [a] the area on the Choroid near the cornea which suspends the lens.

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CILLIARY MUSCLE – function [a] controls the shape of the lens.

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Where does the aqueous humor come from[a]the ciliary body

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IRIS – define [a] the pigmented tissue which controls how much light enters the eye.

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CIRCULAR MUSCLE – function [a] CONSTRICTS the pupil.

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RADIAL MUSCLE – function [a]DILATES the pupil.

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PUPIL – define [a] the HOLE in the iris which controls how much light enters the eye.

[q]

NERVOUS TUNIC aka [a]RETINA

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What are the RODS and CONES?[a] photoreceptive cells of the eye

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RODS – function [a] functions best for black/white vision and in dim light.

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CONES – function [a] functions best for color vision, clarity and in bright light.

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CENTRAL FOVEA – define [a] a dent located in the Macula Lutea.

[q]

OPTIC DISK – define [a]This eye structure is located where the optic nerve penetrates the retina and creates a BLIND SPOT.

[q]

AQUEOUS HUMOR – define [a] the water like fluid in the ANTERIOR cavity.

[q]

VITREOUS HUMOR – define [a] the jelly like fluid in the posterior cavity.
[q]The PINNA and EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS make up which part of the ear?[a]EXTERNAL EAR

[q]

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE aka[a]EAR DRUM

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MIDDLE EAR – describe[a] an AIR filled cavity in the TEMPORAL BONE housing the auditory ossicles.

[q]

EUSTACHIAN TUBE – location[a] connects the pharynx to the middle ear.

[q]

The MALLEUS, INCUS, and STAPES are collectively known as the …[a]AUDITORY OSSICLES

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What are the parts of the INNER EAR?[a]the COCHLEA, VESTIBULE and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS.

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COCHLEA – function [a] provides the sense of hearing.

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VESTIBULE – function [a] STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

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SEMICIRCULAR CANALS – function [a] DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

[q]

OVAL WINDOW – define [a] thin membrane where the stapes connects to the cochlea.

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes the outer layer of the eye?[a]FIBROUS TUNIC

[q]

Which term describes the white of the eye?[a]SCLERA

[q]

Which term describes the CLEAR area of the fibrous tunic through which light enters the eye?[a]CORNEA

[q]

Which term describes the middle layer of the eye?[a]VASCULAR TUNIC

[q]

Which term describes the vascular, dark, brown inner lining of the sclera?[a]CHOROID

[q]

Which term describes the area on the ANTERIOR Choroid near the cornea which ssupends the lens?[a]CILLIARY BODY

[q]

Which muscle controls the shape of the lens?[a]CILLIARY MUSCLE

[q]

What does the ciliary body secrete?[a] aqueous humor

[q]

Which term describes the pigmented tissue which controls how much light enters the eye?[a]IRIS

[q]

Which muscle CONSTRICTS the pupil?[a]CIRCULAR MUSCLE

[q]

Which muscle DILATES the pupil?[a]RADIAL MUSCLE

[q]

Which term describes the HOLE in the iris which controls how much light enters the eye?[a]PUPIL

[q]

RETINA aka [a]NERVOUS TUNIC

[q]

What are the photoreceptive cells of the eye called?[a] the RODS and CONES

[q]

Which eye structure functions best for black/white vision and in dim light?[a]RODS

[q]

Which eye structure functions best for color vision, clarity and in bright light?[a]CONES

[q]

Which term describes a dent located in the Macula Lutea?[a]CENTRAL FOVEA

[q]

Which eye structure is located where the optic nerve penetrates the retina and creates a BLIND SPOT?[a]Optic disk

[q]

Which term describes the water like fluid in the ANTERIOR cavity?[a]AQUEOUS HUMOR

[q]

Which term describes the jelly like fluid in the posterior cavity?[a]VITREOUS HUMOR

[q]

EXTERNAL EAR is formed by which structures?[a]The PINNA and EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

[q]

EAR DRUM aka [a]TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

[q]

Which structure contains and AIR filled cavity in the TEMPORAL BONE housing the auditory ossicles?[a]MIDDLE EAR

[q]

Which structure connects the pharynx to the middle ear?[a]Eustacian tube

[q]

AUDITORY OSSICLES – list[a]The MALLEUS, INCUS, and STAPES

[q]

Which structure is composed by the COCHLEA, VESTIBULE and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS?[a] INNER EAR

[q]

Which structure provides the sense of hearing?[a]COCHLEA

[q]

Which structure makes STATIC EQUILIBRIUM possible?[a]VESTIBULE

[q]

Which function provides the sense of DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM?[a]SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

[q]

What is the thin membrane where the stapes connects to the cochlea?[a]OVAL WINDOW

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

Urinary system – function[a]This system eliminates wastes, maintains: water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance and blood pH.

[q]

Urinary system – structure[a]This system is composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.

[q]

Kidneys – location[a]These organs are located in the retroperitoneal at the level of T12-L3.

[q]

Kidneys – blood flow per minute[a]1/4 of cardiac output.

[q]

Kidneys – structure[a] cortex, medulla and pelvis.

[q]

Renal cortex – define[a] the superficial layer which contains most of the nephrons.

[q]

Renal medulla- define[a]the inner part which contains renal pyramids.

[q]

Renal pelvis – define[a] the hollow medial area of the kidney for urine to accumulate.

[q]

Nephron – structure[a] glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, proximal convoluted tube, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tube and a collecting duct.

[q]

Afferent arteriole – define[a]This type of arteriole enters the glomerular capsule.

[q]

Glomerulus – define[a]This term describes the network of capillaries inside the capsule where plasma is separated from blood cells.

[q]

Efferent arteriole – define[a]This type of arteriole exits the glomerular capsule.

[q]

Peritubular capillary – define[a]This type of capillary winds around the tubule reabsorbing filtrate.

[q]

Through what processes is urine formed?[a] glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.

[q]

Glomerular filtration – define[a] blood separated into cells and plasma.

[q]

Tubular Reabsorption – define[a]plasma is returned to the bloodstream.

[q]

Tubular Secretion – define[a] plasma is rechecked for toxins and cleaned before entering venules.

[q]

Filtrate – define[a]plasma and it’s solutes inside the nephron.

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What does hydrostatic pressure do in the nephron?[a]This passive process drives glomerular filtration.

[q]

What does osmotic pressure do in the nephron?[a]This passive process drives tubular reabsorption.

[q]

What do we make 48 gallons (180 liters) of a day? [a]filtrate

[q]

What do we make 1 to two liters of a day?[a]urine

[q]

Tubular Reabsorption – define[a]This process reabsorbs all nutrients, 99% of the plasma, and electrolytes.

[q]

Renin – effect[a]This kidney hormone triggers the renin-angiotensin pathway.

[q]

Aldosterone – effect[a]This homone causes increased Na+ reabsorption which leads to filtrate reabsorption. Less Urine. More blood conservation.

[q]

What triggers renin release?[a]This hormone is triggered by the kidney in response to low blood pressure.

[q]

Renin – function in the blood[a]This hormone turns angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1.

[q]

Angiotensin II- function[a]This hormone is a vasoconstrictor and trigger for Aldaosterone release.

[q]

ADH, PTH Aldosterone – common target[a]These hormones act on the nephron.

[q]

Urine – define[a]This substance is the remains of the filtrate when it leaves the distal convoluted tubule.

[q]

Micturation – define[a] urination.

[q]

Ureter – function[a]This structure drains urine from kidney to bladder.

[q]

Ureter & Urethra – structure[a]a tube with an internal lining of mucous membrane, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer layer of CT.

[q]

Urethra – function[a] drains urine from bladder.

[q]

Bladder – define[a]This structure is an expandable muscular bag lined with transitional epithelium.

[q]

Polydipsia – define[a] excessive thirst.

[q]

Polyuria – define[a] excessive urination.

[q]

Glucosuria – define[a] glucose in urine.

[q]

Diabetes mellitus – define[a]This term describes a disease where high BGL’s cause failure of osmosis resulting in polydipsia, polyuria and glucosuria.

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes a disease where high BGL’s cause failure of osmosis resulting in polydipsia, polyuria and glucosuria?[a]Diabetes mellitus

[q]

Which term describes glucose in urine?[a]Glucosuria

[q]

Which term describes excessive urination?[a]Polyuria

[q]

Which term describes excessive thirst?[a]Polydipsia

[q]

Which structure is an expandable muscular bag lined with transitional epithelium?[a]Bladder

[q]

Which structure drains urine from bladder?[a]Urethra

[q]

Which structures are composed of a tube with an internal lining of mucous membrane, a smooth muscle layer, and an outer layer of CT?[a]Ureter & Urethra

[q]

Which structure drains urine from kidney to bladder?[a]Ureter

[q]

Which term describes urination?[a]Micturation

[q]

What do we call filtrate when it leaves the distal convoluted tubule?[a]Urine

[q]

Which hormones act on the nephron?[a]ADH, PTH, Aldosterone

[q]

Which substance is a vasoconstrictor and trigger for Aldosterone release?[a]Angiotensin II

[q]

Which hormone turns angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1?[a]Renin

[q]

How does the kidney respond to low blood pressure?[a] renin release

[q]

Which hormone causes increased Na+ reabsorption?[a]Aldosterone

[q]

Which hormone triggers the renin-angiotensin pathway?[a]Renin

[q]

Which process reabsorbs all nutrients, 99% of the plasma, and electrolytes?[a]Tubular Reabsorption

[q]

How much urine is produced daily?[a]one to two liters

[q]

How much filtrate is produced daily?[a]48 gallons (180 liters)

[q]

Which passive process drives tubular reabsorption?[a] osmotic pressure

[q]

Which passive process drives glomerular filtration?[a] hydrostaic pressure

[q]

Which term describes plasma and its solutes inside the nephron?[a]Filtrate

[q]

In which process is plasma rechecked for toxins and cleaned before entering venules?[a]Tubular Secretion

[q]

In which process is plasma returned to the bloodstream?[a]Tubular Reabsorption

[q]

In which process is blood separated into cells and plasma?[a]Glomerular filtration

[q]

Which substance is formed through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion?[a] urine

[q]

Which type of capillary winds around tubule reabsorbing filtrate?[a]Peritubular capillary

[q]

Which type of arteriole exits the glomerular capsule?[a]Efferent arteriole

[q]

Which term describes the network of capillaries inside the capsule where plasma is separated from blood cells?[a]Glomerulus

[q]

Which type of arteriole enters the glomerular capsule?[a]Afferent arteriole

[q]

Which structure is composed of a glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, proximal convoluted tube, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tube and a collecting duct?[a]Nephron

[q]

Which kidney structure composes the hollow medial area of the kidney for urine to accumulate?[a]Renal pelvis

[q]

Which kidney structure composes the inner part which contains renal pyramids?[a]Renal medulla

[q]

Which kidney structure composes the superficial layer which contains most of the nephrons?[a]Renal cortex

[q]

Which organs have a cortex, medulla and pelvis?[a]Kidneys

[q]

Which organs receive 1/4 of cardiac output?[a]Kidneys

[q]

Which organs are located in the retroperitoneal at the level of T12-L3?[a]Kidneys

[q]

Which system is composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra?[a]Urinary system

[q]

Which system eliminates wastes, maintains: water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance and blood pH?[a]Urinary system

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – function[a]This system allows gas exchange in the blood.

[q]

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – structure [a] This system includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

[q]

Pharynx – define [a]This structure contains a passage way for air and food.

[q]

What is in the larynx?[a]This structure houses the vocal cords.

[q]

Trachea – define [a]This structure serves as an air passage below the larynx.

[q]

Bronchi – define [a]This structure includes two branches of the trachea, one going to each lung.

[q]

Lungs – function[a]These organs allow exchange of gases between blood and air in alveoli.

[q]

Ciliated mucous membrane – location [a]This membrane lines the upper and much of lower respiratory tract.

[q]

Ciliated mucous membrane – function[a]This membrane cleans, warms and moistens air.

[q]

Nasal septum – structure [a]This structure includes the perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer & cartilage.

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Nasal conchae – function[a]These structures direct air into the sinuses and hang off nasal septum.

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Paranasal sinuses – location [a]These structures are mucous lined cavities in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid & maxillary bones.

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Paranasal sinuses – function[a]These structures function as resonating chambers for speech, plus warming and moistening air.

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Olfactory epithelium – function[a]In this structure the dendrites of the olfactory nerve located.

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Cribriform plate – function[a]Through this structure the olfactory nerve passes.

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Nasolacrimal duct – function[a]This structure moves tears from the eye into the nasal cavity.

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Pharynx – structure [a]This structure is composed of the following: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

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Nasopharynx – features[a] the pharyngeal tonsil and the opening for Eustachian tube

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What is found in the oropharynx?[a] the palatine and lingual tonsils

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Laryngopharynx – features[a]This structure opens into esophagus and larynx.

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What is found in the larynx?[a] the vocal cords located.

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The epiglottis – function[a]This structure prevents food from going into the trachea.

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Trachea – define [a]This structure is a mucous membrane lined tube supported by smooth muscle and “C” shaped cartilage.

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Tracheobronchial tree – structure [a]This tubular structure is made of a series of cartilage rings and smooth muscle that branch from the trachea and get progressively smaller.

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Bronchioles – define [a]These tiny tubular structures enter the alveoli.

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Alveoli – structure [a]These structures are composed of air sacs of simple squamous epithelium.

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Alveoli – function[a] gas exchange between air and blood.

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Upper respiratory tract – list parts [a]This structure includes: nasal cavity and pharynx.

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Lower respiratory tract – list parts [a] This structure includes: larynx, trachea and bronchi.

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Lungs – location [a]This structures take up the most space in the thoracic cavity from above clavicle to diaphragm.

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Visceral pleura – define [a]This structure is a serous membrane making up the outer surface of lungs.

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Parietal pleura – define [a]This structure is a serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity, internal rib cage, superior surface of diaphragm

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Pleural cavity – define [a]This structure consists of a tiny space between the pleural membranes filled with serous fluid.

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Pulmonary Ventilation – define [a]This term describes an action done 16-20 times a minute at rest and is a fancy name for breathing.

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Inspiration – aka[a]inhalation

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Expiration – aka[a]exhalation

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Inhalation at rest – muscles involved[a]the diaphragm and external intercostals.

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Exhalation at rest – cause[a] passive elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic wall without muscle activity.

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Strenuous inhalation – muscles involved[a]Diaphragm, External intercostals,Sternocleidomastoid,Scalenes,Pectoralis Minor

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Strenuous Exhalation – muscles involved[a] the internal intercostals and the abdominals.

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Medullary Rhythmicity Center-function[a]This center controls the basic rhythm of respiration.

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Tidal Air Volume – define [a] the amount of air inhaled/exhaled in normal inhalation at rest. (500mL)

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Vital Capacity – define [a]The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration. (4800mL)

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dyspnea – define [a] labored, painful, irregular breathing.

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Asthma – define [a] muscle spasm in walls of small bronchi and bronchioles.

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Emphysema – define [a]Alveolar walls degenerate, leading to larger alveoli with a decreased surface area.

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In which disease do alveolar walls degenerate, leading to larger alveoli with a decreased surface area?[a]Emphysema

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Which term describes muscle spasm in walls of small bronchi and bronchioles?[a]Asthma

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Which term describes labored, painful, irregular breathing?[a]dyspnea

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Which term describes the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration? (4800ml)[a] Vital Capacity

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Which term describes the amount of air inhaled/exhaled in normal inhalation at rest? (500ml)[a] Tidal Air Volume

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Which center controls the basic rhythm of respiration?[a]Medullary Rhythmicity Center

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Which state of respiration involves the internal intercostals and the abdominals?[a] Strenuous Exhalation

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Which state of respiration involves the following muscles?Diaphragm, External intercostals,Sternocleidomastoid,Scalenes,Pectoralis Minor[a]Strenuous inhalation

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Which state of respiration involves passive elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic wall without muscle activity?[a]Exhalation at rest

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Which state of respiration involves only the diaphragm and external intercostals?[a]Inhalation at rest

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exhalation aka[a]Expiration

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inhalation aka[a]Inspiration

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Which term describes an action done 16-20 times a minute at rest and is a fancy name for breathing?[a]Pulmonary Ventilation

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Which structure consists of a tiny space between the pleural membranes filled with serous fluid?[a]Pleural cavity

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Which structure is a serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity, internal rib cage, superior surface of diaphragm?[a]Parietal pleura

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Which structure is a serous membrane making up the outer surface of lungs?[a]Visceral pleura

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Which structures take up the most space in the thoracic cavity from above clavicle to diaphragm?[a]Lungs

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Which structure includes: larynx, trachea and bronchi?[a]Lower respiratory tract

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Which structure includes: nasal cavity and pharynx?[a]Upper respiratory tract

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Where is the site of gas exchange between air and blood?[a]Alveoli

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Which structures are composed of air sacs of simple squamous epithelium?[a]Alveoli

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Which tiny tubular structures enter the alveoli?[a]ronchioles

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Which tubular structure is made of a series of cartilage rings and smooth muscle that branch from the trachea and get progressively smaller?[a]Tracheobronchial tree

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Which structure is a mucous membrane lined tube supported by smooth muscle and “C” shaped cartilage?[a]Trachea

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Which structure prevents food from going into the trachea?[a]The epiglottis

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Where are the vocal cords located?[a]larynx

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Which structure opens into esophagus and larynx?[a]Laryngopharynx

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Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located?[a]oropharynx

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Where are the pharyngeal tonsil and the opening for Eustachian tube located?[a]Nasopharynx

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Which structure is composed of the following: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx?[a]Pharynx

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Which structure moves tears from the lacrimal glands that wash eye and drain into nose?[a]Nasolacrimal duct

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Which structure does the olfactory nerve pass through?[a]Cribriform plate

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In which structure are the dendrites of the olfactory nerve located?[a]Olfactory epithelium

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Which structures function as resonating chambers for speech, plus warming and moistening air?[a]Paranasal sinuses

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Which structures are mucous lined cavities in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid & maxillary bones?[a]Paranasal sinuses

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Which structure directs air into the sinuses and hangs off nasal septum?[a]Nasal conchae

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Which structure includes the perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer & cartilage?[a]Nasal septum

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Which membrane cleans, warms and moistens air?[a]Ciliated mucous membrane

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Which membrane lines the upper and much of lower respiratory tract?[a]Ciliated mucous membrane

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Which organs allow exchange of gases between blood and air in alveoli?[a]Lungs

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Which structure includes two branches of the trachea, one going to each lung?[a]Bronchi

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Which structure serves as an air passage below the larynx?[a]Trachea

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Which structure houses the vocal cords?[a]larynx

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Which structure contains a passage way for air and food?[a]pharynx

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Which system includes the following: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs?[a]RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Which system allows gas exchange in the blood?[a]RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Proteins – composition[a]Peptides

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Peptides – composition[a]Amino Acids

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Lipids – composition[a]Glycerol, monoglycerides, Fatty acids

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Carbohydrates – composition[a]Dextrins

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Dextrins – composition[a]Disaccharides

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Disaccharides – composition[a]Monosaccharides

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Monosaccharides – list[a] glucose, fructose and galactose

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Ingestion – define[a]eating

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Peristalsis – define[a] movement of bolus through GI tract

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Digestion – define[a]mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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Absorption – define[a] the passage of molecules through capillary walls into blood stream

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Defecation – define[a] the elimination of feces (wastes and non-digestible substances) from the body

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Chyme – define[a]a bolus mixed with digestive juice

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Bolus – define[a] a chunk of swallowed food

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Lacteals – function[a] Lymph caps through which glycerides and fatty acids enter the body

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Blood capillaries – function[a]Structures through which monosaccharides and amino acids enter the body

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Alimentary Canal aka[a]Digestive Tract

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Accessory Organs – list[a] Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Gastric glands, Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder

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Parasympathetic control of digestive system is via which nerves[a] Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Facial (CN VII) Vagus (CN X) and Sacral Nerves

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Tunica Mucosa – define[a] innermost layer of GI tract

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Tunica Submucosa – define[a] the layer of highly vascularized loose conntective tissue for secretion and absorption

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Tunica Muscularis – define[a] the muscular layer that generates peristalsis

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Tunica Serosa aka[a] the visceral peritoneum

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Peritoneum – define[a] the largest serous membrane in body, lining the ventral cavity

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Visceral Peritoneum – define[a]the layer of the peritoneum attached to organs (tunica serosa)

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Parietal Peritoneum – define[a]the layer of the peritoneum attached to the body wall.

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Which term describes the layer of the peritoneum attached to body wall?[a]Parietal Peritoneum

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Which term describes the layer of the peritoneum attached to organs?[a]Visceral Peritoneum

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Which term describes the largest serous membrane in body, lining the ventral cavity?[a]Peritoneum

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Which term is also know as the visceral peritoneum?[a]Tunica Serosa

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Which term describes the layer that generates peristalsis?[a]Tunica Muscularis

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Which term describes the layer of the GI tract specialized for secretion and absorption?[a]Tunica Submucosa

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Which term describes the innermost layer of GI tract?[a]Tunica Mucosa

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The following nerves provide which type of control of digestive system? Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Facial (CN VII) Vagus (CN X) and Sacral Nerves[a]Parasympathetic

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These are examples of which type of organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Gastric glands, Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder?[a]Accessory Organs

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Digestive Tract aka[a]Alimentary Canal

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Through which structures do monosaccharides and amino acids enter the body?[a]Blood capillaries

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Through which structures do monoglycerides and fatty acids enter the body?[a]Lacteals

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Which term describes a chunk of swallowed food?[a]Bolus

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Which term describes a bolus mixed with digestive juice?[a]Chyme

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Which term describes the elimination of feces (wastes and non-digestible substances) from the body?[a]Defecation

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Which term describes the passage of molecules through capillary walls into blood stream?[a]Absorption

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Which term describes mechanical and chemical breakdown of food?[a]Digestion

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Which term describes the movement of bolus through GI tract?[a]Peristalsis

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Which term describes eating?[a]Ingestion

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Which class of carbohydrates make up glucose, fructose and galactose?[a]Monosaccharides

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Monosaccharides are the building blocks of which nutritional substance?[a]Disaccharides

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Disaccharides are the building blocks of which nutritional substance?[a]Dextrins (polysaccharides)

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Dextrins are the building blocks of which nutritional substance?[a]Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

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Glycerol, monoglycerides, Fatty acids are the building blocks of which nutritional substance?[a]Lipids

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Amino Acids are the building blocks of which nutritional substance?[a]Peptides and proteins

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Salivary glands – list[a] sublingual submandibular and parotid

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salivary amylase – function[a]This substance functions in chemical breakdown of carbohydrates to dextrins.

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Pharynx – define[a]The tube of skeletal muscle with two outlets that sends food to the esophagus & air to the trachea.

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Epiglottis – define[a]The flap of tissue that closes trachea during swallowing.

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Deglutition – define[a]The process of swallowing.

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Saliva – function[a]This substance provides lubrication, moistens food, begins carb digestion, and is antibacterial.

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Pepsin – function[a]This substance functions in chemical breakdown of proteins to amino acids.

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Esophagus – define[a]A the 10” tube of muscle which moves food from the pharynx to stomach.

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Cardiac sphincter – define[a]The sphincter between esophagus and stomach that prevents acid reflux/heart burn.

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Stomach – function[a]This organ will breakdown proteins, absorb vitamin B12 and store chyme for 2-6 hours.

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Stomach – structure[a]This organ is the hollow sack inferior to diaphragm on left side containing rugae.

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Rugae – define[a]The folds in stomach allowing it to stretch as more food enters.

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Small Intestine – describe[a]T the 25 foot tube lined with villi linking the stomach to the large intestine.

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HCl – function[a]This substance converts pepsinogen into pepsin in the stomach and denatures proteins.

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Intrinsic Factor – function[a]This substance, secreted by the stoamch, helps with absorption of vitamin B12 which is essential for erythropoiesis.

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Duodenum – define[a]The first section of the small intestine, about 1 foot long.

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Jejunum – define[a]The second section of the small intestine, about 8 feet long.

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Ileum – define[a]The third section of the small intestine, about 12 feet long.

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Duodenum – function[a]The first part of the small intestine, into which the stomach, pancreatic duct and common bile ducts drain.

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Which structure do the stomach, pancreatic duct and common bile duct drain into?[a]Duodenum

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Which term describes the third section of the small intestine, about 12 feet long?[a]Ileum

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Which term describes the second section of the small intestine, about 8 feet long?[a]Jejunum

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Which term describes the first section of the small intestine, about 1 foot long?[a]Duodenum

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Which substance helps with absorption of vitamin B12 which is essential for erythropoiesis?[a]Intrinsic Factor

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Which substance converts pepsinogen into pepsin in the stomach and denatures proteins?[a]HCl

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Which term describes the 25 foot tube lined with villi?[a]Small Intestine

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Which term describes the folds in stomach so it can stretch as more food enters?[a]Rugae

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Which organ is the hollow sack inferior to diaphragm on left side containing rugae?[a]Stomach – structure

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Which organ will breakdown proteins, absorb vitamin B12 and store chyme for 2-6 hours?[a]Stomach

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Which term describes the sphincter between esophagus and stomach that prevents acid reflux/heart burn?[a]Cardiac sphincter

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Which term describes the 10” tube of muscle which moves food from the pharynx to stomach?[a]Esophagus

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Which substance functions in chemical breakdown of proteins to amino acids?[a]Pepsin

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Which substance provides lubrication, moistens food, begins carb digestion, and is antibacterial?[a]Saliva

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Which term describes the process of swallowing?[a]Deglutition

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Which term describes the flap of tissue that closes trachea during swallowing?[a]Epiglottis

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Which term describes the tube of skeletal muscle with two outlets that sends food to the esophagus & air to the trachea?[a]Pharynx

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Which substance functions in chemical breakdown of carbohydrates to dextrin?[a]salivary amylase

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Where does the mechanical breakdown of food occur?[a]Mouth and stomach

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