General Histology [qdeck]

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HISTOLOGY – define[a] THE STUDY OF TISSUES.

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tissue – define[a]a group of cells that have a matrix between them and function together to carry out specific and specialized activities.

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE – structure[a] This tissue is avascular, has lots of cells, very little matrix and the cells are arranged in sheets of single or multiple layers.

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE makes what structures?[a]The internal and external covering of all surfaces of the body – it also makes glandular tissue.

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Which tissue will protect, absorb, secrete and detec?[a] EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL – structure[a]This epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells.

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STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL – structure[a]This epithelial tissue consists of more than one layer of cells.

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL – structure[a]This epithelial tissue consists of one layer but looks like more than one layer because of the shape of the cells.

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM – location[a]Thist epithelial tissue is found in the lining of blood vessels and the alveoli of lungs. (where gases are exchanged between the air and blood).

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM – location[a]This epithelial tissue is found lining the upper respiratory tract.

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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM – location[a]This epithelial tissue is found in areas where there’s lots of wear-and-tear: the mouth, the oral cavity, the vagina, the outer surface of the skin.

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TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM – location[a] urinary bladder.

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GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM – function[a]This tissue can secrete a substances. (May be a single cell or group of cells)

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Exocrine glands – notable characteristic[a] ducts

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Endocrine glands – notable characteristics[a]These glands have no ducts and secrete hormones into the tissue fluid to be taken up by the blood.

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a] This is most abundant tissue in the body, contains more matrix than cells and is vascular with the exception of cartilage.

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE – function[a]This tissue functions to support, interconnect and give shape to other structures.

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FIBROBLASTS – function[a] This type of cell secretes fibers to contribute to a matrix.

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MATRIX OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE structure[a] A ground substance with fibers embedded within it.

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COLLAGEN FIBERS – define[a]These fibers are the most common in connective tissue with a high tensile strength with little elasticity.

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ELASTIN FIBERS – define[a]These fibers are composed of elastin, have less tensile strength than collagen but greater elasticity (found in large quantities in blood vessels.)

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RETICULAR FIBERS – define[a]These fibers are like collagen, but thinner and weaker. They form the network for many organs. (liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, etc)

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Vascular tissue – define[a] tissue with blood vessels in it.

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AREOLAR tissue – define[a]This is the most abundant connective tissue in the body, has a watery matrix and is considered the “packing material” of the body.

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ADIPOSE tissue – structure[a]This type of areolar tissue has an abundance of concentrated adipocytes.

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SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE) – define[a]This type of tissue found beneath the skin, is composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue and covers the whole body.

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RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE – define[a]This connective tissue has fibroblasts which produce reticular fibers to form a network that supports the functional cells of the organ.

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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a]This connective tissue has numerous, thick, densely packed fibers with very few cells.

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DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a]This connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments. The collagen fibers are arranged in parallel bundles.

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DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a]This tissue has collagen fibers that are densely packed with no particular arrangement.

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DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – location[a] netting found in the dermis of the skin, deep fascia, periosteum, joint capsules, organ capsules,serous membranes, and cavities)

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ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE – location[a]the ligamentum flavum, walls of the arteries.

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CARTILAGE – structure[a]This type of connective tissue is AVASCULAR and contains chondroblasts and chondrocytes.

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Articular cartilage is composed of which kind of cartilage?[a] HYALINE CARTILAGE

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FIBROCARTILAGE – location[a] SYMPHYSIS joints (discs)

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ELASTIC CARTILAGE – location[a]in the ear, larynx, and epiglottis.

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General Histology reversed [qdeck]

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Which type of cartilage is found in the ear, larynx, and epiglottis?[a]ELASTIC CARTILAGE

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Which type of cartilage is found in SYMPHYSIS joints?[a]FIBROCARTILAGE

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Which kind of cartilage is articular cartilage?[a]hyaline cart.

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Which type of cartilage is the most abundant in the body?[a]HYALINE CARTILAGE

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What type of connective tissue is AVASCULAR and contains chondroblasts and chondrocytes?[a]CARTILAGE

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Which type of tissue is found in the ligamentum flavum, and the arteries?[a]ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What type of connective tissue contains collagen fibers that are densely packed with no particular arrangemens?[a]DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What tissue makes the netting found in the dermis of the skin, deep fascia, periosteum, joint capsules, organ capsules, and serous membranes?[a]DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments and contains collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles?[a]DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What type of tissue found beneath the skin, is composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue and essentially covers the whole body?[a]SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE)

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What type of tissue has an abundance of adipocytes?[a]ADIPOSE tissue

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What is the most abundant connective tissue in the body, has a watery matrix and is considered the “packing material” of the body?[a]AREOLAR tissue

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What type of fibers are like collagen, but thinner and weaker; they form the network for many organs? (liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, etc)[a]RETICULAR FIBERS

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What type of tissue fibers have a lot of strength with little elasticity?[a]COLLAGEN FIBERS

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What type of cells are involved with building of tissue by secreting fibers?[a]FIBROBLASTS

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Which tissue functions to support, interconnect and give shape to other structures?[a]CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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Which tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body, contains more matrix than cells and is vascular with the exception of cartilage?[a]CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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List the Endocrine glands[a]PANCREAS, PINEAL, THYMUS, GONADS – THE OVARIES AND TESTES, ADRENALS, PARATHYROID, THYROID, PITUITARY GLAND.

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What type of glands have no ducts and secrete hormones into the tissue fluid to be taken up by the blood?[a]Endocrine glands

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List the Exocrine glands[a]CERUMINOUS GLANDS– wax, SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS–sweat, SEBACEOUS GLANDS–sebum (oil), LACRIMAL GLANDS–tears, SALIVARY GLANDS–saliva

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What type of glands have ducts?[a]Exocrine glands

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What type of tissue can produce secretions?[a] GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

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What type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?[a]TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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What type of tissue is found in areas where there’s lots of wear-and-tear: the mouth, the oral cavity, the vagina, the outer surface of the skin?[a]STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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What tissue is found lining the upper respiratory tract?[a]PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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What tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and the alveoli of lungs?(where gases are exchanged between the air and blood)[a]SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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What type of epithelial tissue consists of one layer but looks like more than one layer because of the shape of the cells?[a]PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL

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What type of epithelial tissue consists of more than one layer of cells?[a]STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL

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What type of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cells?[a]SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL

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What are the TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE?[a]COLUMNAR, CUBOIDAL, SQUAMOUS

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What are the FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE?[a] protect, absorb, secrete and detect

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The lining and covering of all surfaces of the body internal and external are composed of this; it also makes glandular tissue.[a]EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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What kind of tissue is avascular, has lots of cells, very little matrix and cells arranged in sheets of single or multiple layers?[a]EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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What are the four major categories of tissues?[a]MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE, NERVOUS,EPITHELIAL

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What is a group of cells held in a matrix with a unified function?[a]a tissue

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Introductory Vocabulary

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What is ANATOMY?[a] the study of structure

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What is PHYSIOLOGY?[a] the study of function, processes

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List LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION[a] chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism.

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What is a cell?[a] smallest living structure

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What makes up the chemical level of organization?[a]Atoms and molecules

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What makes up a tissue?[a] a group of usually similar cells working toward a common function

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Connective tissue function[a] connects and supports different structures

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Epithelial tissue function[a] protects, covers and lines surfaces and cavities; also makes glands

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Muscular tissue function[a] facilitates movement of the body and its fluids

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Nervous tissue function[a] conducts electrical impulses that regulate other body functions

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What is an ORGAN?[a] structure composed of two or more types of tissue which work together toward a common function

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What is a SYSTEM?[a]Related organs working in groups.

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What is HOMEOSTASIS?[a] the relatively constant state which is maintained by the body in its internal environment

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What is the INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT?[a]the fluids outside of cells including extracellular fluids,aka interstitial fluid, aka tissue fluid, lymph and plasma.

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transverse/horizontal/cross plane – define [a]This plane divides the body into superior/inferior portions at any level.

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coronal/frontal plane – define [a] This plane divides the body into anterior/posterior portions.

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Anterior/Ventral – define [a] toward the front

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Posterior/Dorsal – define [a] toward the back

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Medial – define [a] closer to the midline

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Lateral – define [a] farther from the midline

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Superior/Cranial – define [a] toward the head

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Inferior/Caudal – define [a] toward the tail

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Superficial/External – define [a] closer to the surface

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Deep/Internal – define [a] farther from the surface

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Proximal – define [a] closer to the trunk

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Distal – define [a] farther from the trunk

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sagittal plane – define [a]This plane divides the body into left and right portions.

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Introductory vocabulary reversed [qdeck]

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What plane divides the body into left and right portions?[a]sagittal plane

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What is the term for farther from the trunk?[a]Distal

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What is the term for closer to the trunk?[a]Proximal

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What is the term for farther from the surface?[a]Deep/Internal

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What is the term for closer to the surface?[a]Superficial/External

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What is the term for toward the tail?[a]Inferior/Caudal

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What is the term for toward the head?[a]Superior/Cranial

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What is the term for farther from the midline?[a]Lateral

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What is the term for closer to the midline?[a]Medial

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What is the term for toward the back?[a]Posterior/Dorsal

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What is the term for toward the front?[a]Anterior/Ventral

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What plane divides the body into anterior/posterior portions?[a]coronal/frontal plane

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What plane divides divides the body into superior/inferior portions at any level?[a]transverse/horizontal/cross plane

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What do the fluids outside of cells make up – (i.e. extracellular fluids, interstitial fluid, tissue fluid, lymph and plasma)?[a] INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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What term defines the relatively constant state which is maintained by the body in its internal environment?[a] HOMEOSTASIS

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Related organs work in groups to form this.[a] a SYSTEM

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What kind of structure is composed of two or more types of tissue which work together toward a common function?[a]an ORGAN

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What tissue conducts electrical impulses that regulate other body functions?[a]Nervous tissue

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What tissue facilitates movement of the body and its fluids?[a]Muscle tissue

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What tissue protects, covers and lines surfaces and cavities; also makes glands?[a]Epithelial

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What tissue connects and supports different structures?[a]Connective tissue

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What is a group of usually similar cells working toward a common function?[a]a tissue

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Atoms and molecules make up what level of organization?[a] the chemical level of organization

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What is the smallest living structure?[a] a cell

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What order is this – chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism?[a]LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION of the body

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What is the study of function, processes?[a]PHYSIOLOGY

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What is the study of structure?[a]ANATOMY

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Cytolody [qdeck]

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What is a cell?[a] BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

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CELL MEMBRANE – structure [a] phospholipid bilayer with integral proteins.

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NUCLEUS – define[a]This organelle contains the genetic material

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CYTOPLASM – define[a]This substance contains everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

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CYTOSOL – define[a]This is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm also known as intracellular fluid.

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ORGANELLES – define[a]The discrete structures inside a cell that are enclosed in plasma membranes and have specific shapes and functions.

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INCLUSIONS – define[a]Storage spaces within the cytoplasm containing raw materials for the cell.

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integral proteins – define[a] various proteins located in the cell membrane such as carrier molecules, channels and receptorrs.

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CILIA – define[a] numerous hair-like fibrils that project from some cells.

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FLAGELLA – define[a] a whip-like fiber for propulsion extending from a cell.

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MICROVILLI – define[a] finger-like extensions of cell membranes to increase surface area.

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RIBOSOMES – function[a] the sites of protein synthesis.

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – structure [a]a network of membranes found in the enclosed space of cytoplasm.

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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum – structure [a] canals in a cell bound with ribosomes.

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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum – structure [a]canals in a cell with no ribosomes

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GOLGI COMPLEX – function[a]This organelle packages and delivers proteins and lipids to the cell membrane.

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LYSOSOMES – structure [a] Thes membrane enclosed vesicles contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down a wide variety of molecules.

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MITOCHONDRIA – function[a] the site of aerobic catabolism of glucose.

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CENTRIOLES – function[a]Thes organelles coordinate the movements of chromosomes during cell division.

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PASSIVE transport of material for a cell – examples [a]DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, and FILTRATION .

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DIFFUSION – define[a]This type of transport causes the movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (respiratory gases)

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OSMOSIS – define[a]This type of transport causes the movement of a solvent (water) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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ACTIVE TRANSPORT of material for a cell – examples [a]PINOCYTOSIS and PHAGOCYTOSIS and Carrier molecules

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PINOCYTOSIS – define[a]This cellular process encloses dissolved particles (the cell drinks).

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PHAGOCYTOSIS – define[a]This cellular process encloses large, undissolved particles (the cell eats).

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ENDOCYTOSIS – define[a]A processby by which a cell absorbs materials.

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EXOCYTOSIS – define [a]A processby by which a cell expells materials.

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Cytology reversed [qdeck]

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What is the process by which a cell expells materials?[a]EXOCYTOSIS

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What is the process by which a cell absorbs materials?[a]ENDOCYTOSIS

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What is the process by which a cells encloses large, undissolved particles (the cell eats)?[a]PHAGOCYTOSIS

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What is the processby by which a cell encloses dissolved particles (the cell drinks)?[a]PINOCYTOSIS

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What kind of transport are PINOCYTOSIS and PHAGOCYTOSIS and Carrier molecules?[a]ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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What kind of transport causes the movement of a solvent (water) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration[a]OSMOSIS

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What kind of transport causes the movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (i.e.respiratory gases)[a]DIFFUSION

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What kind of transport is DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, and FILTRATION?[a]PASSIVE transport of material for a cell

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Which organelles coordinate the movements of chromosomes during cell division[a]CENTRIOLES

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This is the site of aerobic catabolism of glucose.[a]MITOCHONDRIA

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Which membrane enclosed vesicles contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down a wide variety of molecules?[a]LYSOSOMES – structure

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This organelle packages and delivers proteins and lipids to the cell membrane.[a]GOLGI COMPLEX

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What are membranes or canals in a cell with no ribosomes?[a]Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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What are membranes or canals in a cell bound with ribosomes?[a]Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

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What organelles are the site of protein synthesis?[a]RIBOSOMES

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What are finger-like extensions of cell membranes to increase surface area?[a]MICROVILLI

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What is a whip-like fiber for propulsion extending from a cell?[a]FLAGELLA

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What are numerous hair-like fibrils that project from some cells?[a]CILIA

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What are the proteins located in the cell membrane such as carrier molecules, channels and receptors?[a]integral proteins

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What are storage spaces within the cytoplasm containing raw materials for the cell?[a]INCLUSIONS

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What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, also known as intracellular fluid[a]CYTOSOL

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Which organelle contains the genetic material?[a]NUCLEUS

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What is a phospholipid bilayer with integral proteins?[a]CELL MEMBRANE

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What is the fluid outside the cell?[a] interstitial fluid aka tissue fluid aka the internal body environment

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WHAT IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE?[a] the cell

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Chemistry [qdeck]

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CHEMISTRY – define[a]WHAT IS THE STUDY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES.

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ATOM – define[a]the fundamental unit of matter.

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Protons – define[a]the structures located in the nucleus that have mass and a positive charge (1+)

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Neutron – define[a] structures located in the nucleus that have mass and no charge.

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Electron – define[a]structures that have very small mass, a negative charge (-1) and move around the nucleus in orbitals. Interaction between these and various atoms is responsible for most chemical reactions.

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ATOMIC NUMBER – define[a] the number of protons in a given atom

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ELEMENT – define[a] substance composed of one kind of atom.

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Na is the symbol for which element?[a] sodium.

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K is the symbol for which element?[a] potassium.

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P is the symbol for which element?[a] phosphorus.

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Cl is the symbol for which element?[a] chlorine.

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IONS – define[a] the charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

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MOLECULE – define[a]a combination of two or more atoms.

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COMPOUND – define[a] a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.

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IONIC BONDS – define[a]A type of bond formed when ions that are joined together exchange electrons.

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COVALENT BONDS – define[a]A type of bond formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons.

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SYNTHESIS REACTIONS–ANABOLIC REACTIONS – define[a]These reactions involve the formation of large molecules from smaller molecules. (REQUIRE energy)

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DECOMPOSTION REACTIONS–CATABOLIC REACTIONS – define[a]These reactions involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. (RELEASE energy)

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SALT decomposes into what?[a]This compound breaks down into electrolytes (NA+ and Cl-) when dissolved in water.

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ACIDS decomposes into what?[a]THESE SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS (H+) and anions IN WATER.

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BASES decomposes into what[a]THESE SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROXYL IONS (OH-) and cations IN WATER.

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What is the pH of blood?[a] 7.35-7.45 range. (fall out of this range and you will die in a few minutes)

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BUFFERS – function[a]This substance can bind any excess H+ or OH- ions introduced to a system and moderate pH. In practice your body neutralizes a strong acid with a weak base and visa versa.

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MIXTURE – define[a] A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS.

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SOLUTIONS – define[a]A a combination of a solvent (like water) and a solute (like salt) that stays evenly mixed.

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COLLOIDS – define[a]This mixture displays different characteristics depending upon the amount of heat in the system. (acts like jello)

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SUSPENSION – define[a]This mixture will allow particles to eventually settle out.(like oil and vinegar dressing)

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CARBOHYDRATES – function[a]These compounds are the the major source of fuel for the body.

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MONOSACCHARIDES – list[a] GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE.

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Disaccharides – list[a] ARE SUCROSE, MALTOSE AND LACTOSE.

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POLYSACCHARIDES – list[a]STARCH AND GLYCOGEN.

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PHOSPHOLIPIDS – function[a] They make up 2/3 of the cell membrane.

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LIPIDS – list[a] TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS.

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Triglycerides – function[a] These compounds provides long term energy, insulation and padding.

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STEROIDS – define[a] cholesterol based hormones, like estrogen and testosterone.

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PROTEINS – define[a]These molecules are composed of amino acids and form the structure of the body.

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Structural proteins – list[a] Collagen Keratin Actin and Myosin

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Functional proteins – list[a]enzymes Antibodies Hormones Hemoglobin Actin and Myosin

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ENZYMES – function[a]These are CATALYSTS and speed up chemical reactions.

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NUCLEIC ACIDS – list[a] DNA–deoxyribonucleic acid RNA–ribonucleic acid. (composed of nucleotides)

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Chemistry reversed [qdeck]

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Which type of acids are these? DNA–deoxyribonucleic acid RNA–ribonucleic acid. (composed of nucleotides)[a]NUCLEIC ACIDS

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These are CATALYSTS and speed up chemical reactions?[a]ENZYMES function

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Which type of proteins are these: Enzymes, Antibodies, Hormones, Hemoglobin[a]Functional proteins

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Which type of proteins are these: Collagen, Keratin, Actin, and Myosin[a]Structural proteins

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What substance is composed of amino acids and forms the structure of the body?[a]PROTEINS

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What are cholesterol based hormones, like estrogen and testosterone?[a]STEROIDS

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What compounds provides long term energy, insulation and padding?[a]Triglycerides

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What kind of compounds are the following: TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS.[a]LIPIDS

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What molecule are cell membranes made of?[a]PHOSPHOLIPIDS

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WHAT KIND OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE STARCH AND GLYCOGEN?[a]POLYSACCHARIDES

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WHAT KIND OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUCROSE AND LACTOSE?[a]Disaccharides

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WHAT KIND OF CARBOHYDRATES ARE GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, and GALACTOSE?[a]MONOSACCHARIDES

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What compounds are the the major source of fuel for the body?[a]CARBOHYDRATES

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Which mixtures will allow particles to eventually settle out?[a]SUSPENSION

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Which mixture displays different characteristics depending upon the amount of heat in the system? (acts like jello)[a]COLLOIDS

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What is a combination of a solvent and a solute that stays evenly mixed?[a]SOLUTION

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WHAT IS A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS?[a]MIXTURE

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Which type of substance can bind any excess H+ or OH- ions to moderate a change in pH? In practice your body neutralizes a strong acid with a weak base and visa versa.[a]BUFFERS

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WHICH SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROXYL IONS (OH-) and cations IN WATER?[a]BASES

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WHICH SUBSTANCES BREAK DOWN TO RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS (H+) and anions IN WATER?[a]ACIDS

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Which compound breaks down into electrolytes when dissolved in water?[a]SALT

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Which reactions involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules? (RELEASE energy)[a]DECOMPOSTION REACTIONS–CATABOLIC REACTIONS –

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Which reactions involve the formation of large molecules from smaller molecules? (REQUIRE energy)[a]SYNTHESIS REACTIONS–ANABOLIC REACTIONS –

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What type of bond is formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons?[a]COVALENT BONDS

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What type of bond is formed when ions that are joined together exchange electrons?[a]IONIC BONDS

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What is a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms?[a]COMPOUND

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What is a combination of two or more atoms?[a]MOLECULE
[q]What are the charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose electrons?[a]IONS

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What is the symbol for chlorine?[a]Cl

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What is the symbol for phosphorus?[a]P

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What is the symbol for potassium?[a]K

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What is the symbol for sodium?[a]Na

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What is the pure substance composed of one kind of atom?[a]ELEMENT

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What indicates the number of protons in a given atom and identifies the type of atom it is?[a]ATOMIC NUMBER

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What are the structures that have very small mass, a negative charge (-1) and move around the nucleus in orbitals. Interaction between these and various atoms is responsible for most chemical reactions.[a]Electron

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What are the structures located in the nucleus that have mass and no charge?[a]Neutron

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What are the structures located in the nucleus that have mass and a positive charge (1+)[a]Protons

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What is the fundamental unit of matter?[a]ATOM

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WHAT IS THE STUDY OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES?[a]CHEMISTRY

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General Senses [qdeck]

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MODALITY – define[a]This term describes the different experiences we have for different senses.

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PROJECTION – define[a]This term describes the ability of the brain to experience sensation at the receptor.

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ADAPTATION – define[a]This term describes when the stimulus continues but perception stops.

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AFTER-IMAGE – define[a]This term describes when the stimulus STOPS but perception CONTINUES due to overstimulation of receptors.

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GENERAL SENSES – location[a]In which type of senses are receptors located all over the body.

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CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS are sensitive to what sensations?[a] pain, touch, heat, cold, and vibration.

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PROPIOCEPTORS – list[a] MUSCLE SPINDLE organs, GOLGI TENDON ORGANS & JOINT RECEPTORS.

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CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS – location[a] in the skin.

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VISCERAL RECEPTORS – location[a] in internal organs.

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NOCICEPTORS – function[a]This type of receptor perceives pain.

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HYPOXIA – define[a]lack of oxygen.

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ISCHEMIA – define[a]lack of blood.

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MUSCLE SPINDLES – location[a]These receptors are located in all skeletal muscle bellies.

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GOLGI TENDON ORGANS – location[a]These receptors are located in all musculotendinous junctions.

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JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS – location[a]These receptors are located in joint capsules and ligaments.

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MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGANS – function[a]This receptor monitors stretch of muscle cells and the speed which they are stretched.

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GOLGI TENDON ORGANS – function[a]These receptors monitor the tension exerted by the contracting muscle on the tendon.

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JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS – function[a]This type of receptor monitors position of the joint and speed which the joint changes positions.

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VISCERAL RECEPTORS – list[a] STRETCH RECEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS and PAIN RECEPTORS.

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Olfactory Nerve – function[a]This nerve transmits sense of smell.

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Facial & Glossopharyngeal Nerves – sensory function[a]These nerves transmits sense of taste.

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Optic Nerve – function[a]This nerve transmits sense of vision.

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Vestibulocochlear Nerve – function[a]This nerve transmits sense of Hearing & Equilibrium.

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General Senses reversed [qdeck]

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Which term describes the different experiences we have for different senses?[a]MODALITY

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Which term describes the ability of the brain to experience sensation at the receptor?[a]PROJECTION

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Which term describes when the stimulus continues but perception stops?[a]ADAPTATION

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Which term describes when the stimulus STOPS but perception CONTINUES due to overstimulation of receptors?[a]AFTER-IMAGE

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In which type of senses are receptors located all over the body?[a]GENERAL SENSES

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Which type of receptors detect pain, touch, heat, cold, and vibration?[a]CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS

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Which type of receptors include MUSCLE SPINDLE organs, GOLGI TENDON ORGANS & JOINT RECEPTORS?[a]PROPIOCEPTORS

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Which type of receptors are located in the skin?[a]CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS

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Which type of receptors are located in internal organs?[a]VISCERAL RECEPTORS

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Which type of receptors perceive pain?[a]NOCICEPTORS

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Which term describes a lack of oxygen?[a]HYPOXIA

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Which term describes a lack of blood?[a]ISCHEMIA

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Which type of receptors are located in all skeletal muscle bellies?[a]MUSCLE SPINDLES

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Which type of receptors are located in all musculotendinous junctions?[a]GOLGI TENDON ORGANS

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Which type of receptors are located in joint capsules and ligaments?[a]JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS

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Which type of receptors monitor stretch of muscle cells and the speed which they are stretched?[a]MUSCLE SPINDLE ORGANS

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Which type of receptors monitor the tension exerted by the contracting muscle on the tendon?[a]GOLGI TENDON ORGANS

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Which type of receptors monitor position of the joint and speed which the joint changes positions?[a]JOINT KINESTHETIC RECEPTORS

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Which type of receptors include: STRETCH RECEPTORS, CHEMORECEPTORS and PAIN RECEPTORS?[a]VISCERAL RECEPTORS

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Which theory describes when a new stimulus blocks a pain stimulus traveling through the same posterior gray horn?[a]Gate theory of Pain

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Which nerve transmits sense of smell?[a]Olfactory Nerve

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Which nerve transmits sense of taste?[a]Facial & Glossopharyngeal Nerves

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Which nerve transmits sense of vision?[a]Optic Nerve

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Which nerve transmits sense of Hearing & Equilibrium?[a]Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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Which are the 5 BASIC TASTES?[a] SWEET, BITTER, SOUR, SALTY,UMAMI

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Special Senses [qdeck]

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FIBROUS TUNIC – define [a] the outer layer of the eye.

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SCLERA – define [a] the white of the eye.

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CORNEA – define [a] the CLEAR area of the fibrous tunic through which light enters the eye.

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VASCULAR TUNIC – define [a] the middle layer of the eye.

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CHOROID – define [a] the vascular, dark, brown part of the vascular tunic.

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CILLIARY BODY – define [a] the area on the Choroid near the cornea which suspends the lens.

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CILLIARY MUSCLE – function [a] controls the shape of the lens.

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Where does the aqueous humor come from[a]the ciliary body

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IRIS – define [a] the pigmented tissue which controls how much light enters the eye.

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CIRCULAR MUSCLE – function [a] CONSTRICTS the pupil.

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RADIAL MUSCLE – function [a]DILATES the pupil.

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PUPIL – define [a] the HOLE in the iris which controls how much light enters the eye.

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NERVOUS TUNIC aka [a]RETINA

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What are the RODS and CONES?[a] photoreceptive cells of the eye

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RODS – function [a] functions best for black/white vision and in dim light.

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CONES – function [a] functions best for color vision, clarity and in bright light.

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CENTRAL FOVEA – define [a] a dent located in the Macula Lutea.

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OPTIC DISK – define [a]This eye structure is located where the optic nerve penetrates the retina and creates a BLIND SPOT.

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AQUEOUS HUMOR – define [a] the water like fluid in the ANTERIOR cavity.

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VITREOUS HUMOR – define [a] the jelly like fluid in the posterior cavity.
[q]The PINNA and EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS make up which part of the ear?[a]EXTERNAL EAR

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TYMPANIC MEMBRANE aka[a]EAR DRUM

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MIDDLE EAR – describe[a] an AIR filled cavity in the TEMPORAL BONE housing the auditory ossicles.

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EUSTACHIAN TUBE – location[a] connects the pharynx to the middle ear.

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The MALLEUS, INCUS, and STAPES are collectively known as the …[a]AUDITORY OSSICLES

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What are the parts of the INNER EAR?[a]the COCHLEA, VESTIBULE and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS.

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COCHLEA – function [a] provides the sense of hearing.

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VESTIBULE – function [a] STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

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SEMICIRCULAR CANALS – function [a] DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

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OVAL WINDOW – define [a] thin membrane where the stapes connects to the cochlea.

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Special Senses reversed [qdeck]

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Which term describes the outer layer of the eye?[a]FIBROUS TUNIC

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Which term describes the white of the eye?[a]SCLERA

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Which term describes the CLEAR area of the fibrous tunic through which light enters the eye?[a]CORNEA

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Which term describes the middle layer of the eye?[a]VASCULAR TUNIC

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Which term describes the vascular, dark, brown inner lining of the sclera?[a]CHOROID

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Which term describes the area on the ANTERIOR Choroid near the cornea which ssupends the lens?[a]CILLIARY BODY

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Which muscle controls the shape of the lens?[a]CILLIARY MUSCLE

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What does the ciliary body secrete?[a] aqueous humor

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Which term describes the pigmented tissue which controls how much light enters the eye?[a]IRIS

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Which muscle CONSTRICTS the pupil?[a]CIRCULAR MUSCLE

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Which muscle DILATES the pupil?[a]RADIAL MUSCLE

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Which term describes the HOLE in the iris which controls how much light enters the eye?[a]PUPIL

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RETINA aka [a]NERVOUS TUNIC

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What are the photoreceptive cells of the eye called?[a] the RODS and CONES

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Which eye structure functions best for black/white vision and in dim light?[a]RODS

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Which eye structure functions best for color vision, clarity and in bright light?[a]CONES

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Which term describes a dent located in the Macula Lutea?[a]CENTRAL FOVEA

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Which eye structure is located where the optic nerve penetrates the retina and creates a BLIND SPOT?[a]Optic disk

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Which term describes the water like fluid in the ANTERIOR cavity?[a]AQUEOUS HUMOR

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Which term describes the jelly like fluid in the posterior cavity?[a]VITREOUS HUMOR

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EXTERNAL EAR is formed by which structures?[a]The PINNA and EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

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EAR DRUM aka [a]TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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Which structure contains and AIR filled cavity in the TEMPORAL BONE housing the auditory ossicles?[a]MIDDLE EAR

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Which structure connects the pharynx to the middle ear?[a]Eustacian tube

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AUDITORY OSSICLES – list[a]The MALLEUS, INCUS, and STAPES

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Which structure is composed by the COCHLEA, VESTIBULE and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS?[a] INNER EAR

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Which structure provides the sense of hearing?[a]COCHLEA

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Which structure makes STATIC EQUILIBRIUM possible?[a]VESTIBULE

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Which function provides the sense of DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM?[a]SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

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What is the thin membrane where the stapes connects to the cochlea?[a]OVAL WINDOW

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