Endocrine 1
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Endocrine glands – define[a]These glands are ductless and secrete hormones into blood.
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Exocrine glands – define[a]These glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to a body area. (sweat, salivary glands)
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Pancreas – functions[a]This unusual gland is both exocrine and endocrine
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Hormones – define[a]These chemical substances are secreted by cells into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolism of other cells in the body.
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Synergism – define[a] This process describes hormones working together to produce a stronger effect.
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Antagonism – define[a]This process describes when hormones have opposite effects
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Humoral change, neural & other hormonal stimulation – function[a]These stimuli will cause the release of hormones
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Pituitary – define[a] This is the “master gland” of the endocrine system
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Infundibulum – define[a] This structure attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus
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Adenohypophysis – define[a]anterior lobe of the pituitary
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Neurohypophysis – define[a]posterior lobe of the pituitary
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Pituitary – location[a] sella turcica
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Thyroid – location[a] on the larynx
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Parathyroid glands – location[a] behind the thyroid
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Adrenal Glands – location[a]on the kidneys
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Pineal – location[a]roof of the third ventricle
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Thymus – location[a] mediastinum
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Ovaries – location[a]in the pelvis
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Testes – location[a] scrotum
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Pancreas – location[a]behind the stomach
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Gigantism & Acromegaly – cause[a] oversecretion of Growth Hormone (GH)
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Pituitary dwarfism – cause[a]undersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH)
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Grave’s Disease (Hyperthyroidism)- cause[a] oversecretion of T3 and T4
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Hypothyroidism – cause[a] undersecretion of T3 and T4
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Goiter – cause[a]lack of iodine
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Cushing’s Syndrome – cause[a] hypersecretion of cortisol
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Addison’s Disease – cause[a] hyposecretion of both aldosterone and cortisol
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Diabetes mellitus – cause[a] hyposecretion of or insensitivity to insulin
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Seasonal Affective Disorder – cause[a]Which condition is the result of hypersecretion of melatonin in the winter
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Endocrine 1 reversed
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Which type of glands are ductless and secrete hormones into blood?[a]Endocrine glands
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Which type of glands secrete their products into ducts that lead to a body area? (sweat, salivary glands)[a]Exocrine glands
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Which unusual gland is both exocrine and endocrine?[a]Pancreas
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Which type of chemical substances are secreted by cells into extracellular fluids to regulate metabolism of other cells in the body[a]Hormones
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Which process describes hormones working together to produce a stronger effect?[a]Synergism
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Which process describes when hormones have opposite effects?[a]Antagonism
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Which type of stimuli will cause the release of hormones?[a]Humoral change, neural & other hormonal stimulation
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Which gland is the “master gland” of the endocrine system?[a]Pituitary
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Which structure attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus?[a]Infundibulum
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Which structure composes the anterior lobe of the pituitary?[a]Adenohypophysis
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Which structure composes the posterior lobe of the pituitary?[a]Neurohypophysis
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How many hormones does the anterior lobe of the pituitary make?[a] 7 hormones
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How many hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary make?[a]2 hormones –
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Which gland is located in the sella turcica?[a]Pituitary
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Which gland is located on the larynx?[a]Thyroid
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Which glands are located behind the thyroid?[a]Parathyroid gland
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Which glands are located on the kidneys?[a]Adrenal Glands
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Which gland is located on the roof of the third ventricle?[a]Pineal
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Which gland is located in the mediastinum?[a]Thymus
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Which female glands are located in the pelvis?[a]Ovaries
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Which glands are located in the scrotum[a]Testes – location
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Which gland is located behind the stomach?[a]Pancreas – location
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Which conditions are the result of an oversecretion of Growth Hormone? (GH)[a]Gigantism & Acromegaly
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Which condition is the result of undersecretion of Growth Hormone? (GH)[a]Pituitary dwarfism
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Which condition is the result of oversecretion of T3 and T4[a]Hyperthyroidism
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Which condition is the result of undersecretion of T3 and T4?[a]Grave’s Disease (hypothtroidism)
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Which condition is the result of lack of iodine?[a]Goiter
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Which syndrome is the result of hypersecretion of cortisol?[a]Cushing’s Syndrome
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Which disease is the result of hyposecretion of cortisol?[a]Addison’s Disease
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Which disease is the result of hypersecretion of or insensitivity to insulin?[a]Diabetes mellitus
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Which condition is the result of hypersecretion of melatonin in the winter?[a]Seasonal Affective Disorder
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Endocrine 2 triggers
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Low levels of GH, exercise, low blood glucose level’s (BGL) – trigger release of[a] Growth Hormone (GH)
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Low levels of thyroid hormone – triggers release of[a]Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)
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Stress, illness, injury, low levels of glucocorticoids & low Blood Glucose Level’s (BGL) – trigger release of[a] Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)
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Low levels of estrogen or testosterone – triggers release of[a]Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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UV Radiation – triggers release of[a] Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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Increased blood osmolarity – triggers release of[a] Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Stimulation of the cervix or nipple – triggers release of[a] Oxytocin
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Low levels of thyroid hormone, pregnancy, prolonged cold – triggers release of[a]Thyroxine
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Increase in blood calcium levels – triggers release of[a]Calcitonin
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Decrease in blood calcium levels – triggers release of[a]Parathyroid Hormone
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Angiotensin II – triggers release of[a] Aldosteron
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) – triggers release of[a] Cortisol
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The Sympathetic NS – triggers release of[a] Epinephrine
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Low Blood Glucose Level’s (BGL) – triggers release of[a] Glucagon
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High Blood Glucose Level’s (BGL) – triggers release of[a] Insulin
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – causes production of[a] Estrogen
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Lutenizing Hormone (LH) – causes production of[a] Progesterone
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Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) – triggers release of[a] Testosterone
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Darkness – triggers release of[a]Melatonin
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Low BP & Blood volume – trigger release of[a] Renin
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Hypoxia – triggers release of[a] Erythropoietin
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Food, caffiene, alcohol & stretch of stomach – trigger release of[a] Gastrin
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Acidic food entering small intestine – triggers release of[a]of Secretin
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Fatty food entering small intestine – triggers release of[a]Cholecystokinin
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Increased blood volume – triggers release of[a] Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
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the embryo – triggers release of[a] Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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Pregancy – triggers release of[a] Relaxin
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Endocrine 2 triggers reversed
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Which conditions trigger release of Growth Hormone? (GH)[a]Low levels of GH, exercise, blood glucose level’s (BGL)
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Which condition triggers release of Thyroid Stimulation Hormone? (TSH)[a]Low levels of thyroid hormone
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Which conditions trigger release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone? (ACTH)[a]Stress, illness, injury, low levels of glucocorticoids & low Blood Glucose Level’s (BGL)
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Which conditions trigger release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Lutenizing Hormone? (FSH)[a]Low levels of estrogen or testosterone
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Which condition triggers release of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone? (MSH)[a]UV Radiation
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Which condition triggers release of Antidiuretic Hormone? (ADH)[a]increased blood osmolarity
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Which conditions trigger release of Oxytocin?[a]Stimulation of the cervix or nipple
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Which conditions trigger release of Thyroxine?[a]Low levels of thyroid hormone, pregnancy, prolonged cold
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Which condition triggers release of Calcitonin?[a]Increase in blood calcium levels
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Which condition triggers release of Parathyroid Hormone?[a]Decrease in blood calcium levels
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Which condition triggers release of Aldosterone?[a]Angiotensin II
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Which hormone triggers release of Cortisol?[a]Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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Which system triggers release of Epinephrine?[a]The Sympathetic NS
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Which condition triggers release of Glucagon?[a]Low Blood Glucose Level’s (BGL)
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Which condition triggers release of Insulin?[a]High Blood Glucose Level’s (BGL)
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Which hormone triggers release of Estrogen?[a]Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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Which hormone triggers release of Progesterone?[a]Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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Which hormone triggers release of Testosterone?[a]Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
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Which condition triggers release of Melatonin?[a]Darkness
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Which conditions trigger release of Renin?[a]Low BP & Blood volume
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Which condition triggers release of Erythropoietin?[a]Hypoxia
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Which hormone triggers release of Calcitriol?[a]Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Which conditions trigger release of Gastrin?[a]Food, caffiene, alcohol & stretch of stomach
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Which conditions trigger release of Secretin?[a]Acidic food entering small intestine
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Which condition triggers release of Cholecystokinin?[a]Fatty food entering small intestine
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Which condition triggers release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?[a]Increased blood volume and pressure
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Which condition & structure triggers release of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?[a]Pregancy & the embryo
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Which condition triggers release of Relaxin?[a]Pregancy
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Endocrine 3 actions
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Growth Hormone (GH) – action[a]This hormone causes lengthening of bone increase in muscle mass & blood glucose levels. (BGL)
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Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH) – action[a]This hormone causes production of Thyroid hormone.
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Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)- action[a]This hormone causes secretion of Glucocorticoid hormones.
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- action[a]This hormone causes spermatogenesis in men and maturation of the ova in women.
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Prolactin (PRL) – action[a]This hormone causes production of breast milk.
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) – action[a]This hormone causes increase in skin pigment.
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Lutenizing Hormone (LH) – action[a]This hormone causes testosterone production in men and ovulation in women.
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- action[a]This hormone causes increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys and therefore less urine production.
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Oxytocin (OT) – action[a]This hormone causes uterine contraction and milk letdown.
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Thyroxine (T4) – action[a]This hormone increases basal metabolic rate, promotes glycogenolysis & has calorigenic (heat producing) effect.
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Calcitonin (CT) – action[a]This hormone causes calcium to be moved from the blood to the bones.
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Cortisol – action[a]This hormone causes increase in BGL and is an antiinflammatory.
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Aldosterone – action[a]This hormone causes an increase in Na+ reabsorbtion and blood pressure.
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) – action[a]This hormone causes movement of CA++ from bones to the blood & increases reabsorption of Ca++ from kidneys.
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Glucagon – action[a]This hormone causes an increase in BGL’s.
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Insulin – action[a]This hormone causes a decrease in BGL’s.
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Estrogen – action[a]This hormone regulates menses & stimulates breast tissue growth.
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Progesterone – action[a]This hormone maintains the endometrium after ovulation & during pregnancy.
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Testosterone – action[a]This hormone causes larger larynx & vocal cords, male pattern hair growth, increased muscle mass & bone density.
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Melatonin – action[a]This hormone regulates the sleep/wake cycle.
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Renin – action[a]This hormone converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I.
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Erythropoietin – action[a]This hormone causes bone marrow to produce more Erythrocytes.
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Parathroid Hormone – action[a]This hormone causes an increase in absorption of calcium from dietary sources in small intestine.
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Gastrin – action[a]This hormone causes secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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Secretin – action[a]This hormone causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize acids in food coming from stomach & stimulates liver to make bile to break down fats.
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Cholecystokinin – action[a]This hormone causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes & stimulates gallbladder to empty bile into small intestine.
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) – action[a]This hormone inhibits production of renin & aldosterone increasing urine output & decreassing blood pressure.
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin – action[a]This hormone stops the Corpus Luteum from deteriorating.
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Relaxin – action[a]This hormone softens connective tissues.
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Diabetes Mellitus – list symptoms[a] Polyphagia, polyuria & polydyspia are symptoms of this disease.
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Addison’s Disease – define[a]This disease causes fat deposits on the face and back, hypotension, fatigue and low resistance to stress.
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Endocrine 3 actions reversed
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Which hormone causes lengthening of bone, increase in muscle mass & blood glucose levels? (BGL)[a]Growth Hormone (GH)
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Which hormone causes production of Thyroid hormone?[a]Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)
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Which hormone causes secretion of Glucocorticoid hormones?[a]Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH)
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Which hormone causes spermatogenesis in men and maturation of the ova in women?[a]Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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Which hormone causes production of breast milk?[a]Prolactin (PRL)
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Which hormone causes increase in skin pigment?[a]Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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Which hormone causes testosterone production in men and ovulation in women?[a]Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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Which hormone causes increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys and therefore less urine production?[a]Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Which hormone causes uterine contraction and milk letdown?[a]Oxytocin (OT)
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Which hormone increases basal metabolic rate, promotes glycogenolysis & has calorigenic (heat producing) effect?[a]Thyroxine (T4)
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Which hormone causes calcium to be moved from the blood to the bones?[a]Calcitonin (CT)
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Which hormone causes increase in BGL and is an antiinflammatory?[a]Cortisol
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Which hormone causes an increase in Na+ reabsorbtion and blood pressure?[a]Aldosterone
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Which hormone causes movement of CA++ from bones to the blood & increases reabsorption of Ca++ from kidneys?[a]Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Which hormone causes an increase in BGL’s?[a]Glucagon
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Which hormone causes a decrease in BGL’s?[a]Insulin
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Which hormone regulates menses & stimulates breast tissue growth?[a]Estrogen
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Which hormone maintains the endometrium after ovulation & during pregnancy?[a]Progesterone
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Which hormone causes larger larynx & vocal cords, male pattern hair growth, increased muscle mass & bone density?[a]Testosterone
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Which hormone regulates the sleep/wake cycle?[a]Melatonin
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Which hormone converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I?[a]Renin
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Which hormone causes bone marrow to produce more Erythrocytes?[a]Erythropoietin
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Which hormone causes an increase in absorption of calcium from dietary sources in small intestine?[a]Parathyroid Hormone (with Calcitriol)
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Which hormone causes secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?[a]Gastrin
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Which hormone causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize acids in food coming from stomach & stimulates liver to make bile to break down fats?[a]Secretin
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Which hormone causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes & stimulates gallbladder to empty bile into small intestine?[a]Cholecystokinin
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Which hormone inhibits production of renin & aldosterone increasing urine output & decreassing blood pressure?[a]Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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Which hormone stops the Corpus Luteum from deteriorating?[a]Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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Which hormone softens connective tissues?[a]Relaxin
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Polyphagia, polyuria & polydyspia are symptoms of which disease?[a]Diabetes Mellitus
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Which disease causes hypotension, fatigue and low resistance to stress?[a]Addison’s Disease
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Endocrine 4 targets
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What regulatory molecules are made of amino acids?[a]Most hormones
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Steroid hormones have which suffixes?[a] ONE, OL, or OGEN
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Epiphyseal plates of long bones & skeletal muscle and liver are targets of which hormone?[a] GH.
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Thyroid Gland has receptors for which hormone?[a] TSH.
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Adrenal cortex has receptors for which hormone?[a] ACTH.
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Gonads have receptors for which hormone?[a] FSH.
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Breast tissue has receptors for which hormone?[a] PRL.
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Interstitial cells of testes & ovarian follicles have receptors for which hormone?[a] LH.
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Melanocytes have receptors for which hormone?[a] MSH.
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Kidneys have receptors for which hormone?[a] ADH.
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Uterine smooth muscle & breast tissue have receptors for which hormone? [a]OT.
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Almost every cell in the body has receptors for which hormone? [a]thyroxin.
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Ostoeclast has receptors for which hormone?[a] calcitonin
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Osteoclasts, kidneys & intestines has receptors for which hormone?[a] Parathyroid Hormone.
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Kidneys have receptors for which hormone?[a] Aldosterone to increase reabsorption of Na from urine.
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Body cells which promote gluconeogenesis and the stress response have receptors for which hormone?[a] Cortisol.
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All Sympathetic erffectors have receptors for which hormone?[a]Epinephrine.
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Liver has receptors from this hormone to release more sugar.[a]glucagon.
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Most body cells has receptors for which hormone?[a] insulin to absorb blood sugar.
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Uterus, breast tissue and most female body cells has receptors for which hormone?[a] Estrogen.
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Uterus, especially endometrium & breast tissue has receptors for which hormone?[a] Progesterone.
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Entire male reproductive system and to some extent entire body has receptors for which hormone?[a] Testosterone.
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This targets the Gonads, NS & Pituitary gland to put you to sleep.[a] Melatonin.
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T cells has receptors for which hormone?[a]thymic hormones
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Cortex of Adrenal Glands has receptors for which hormone?[a] Renin.
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Bone marrow has receptors for which hormone?[a] Erythropoietin.
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Small intestines has receptors for which hormone?[a] Parathyroid Hormone
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Stomach has receptors for which hormone?[a] Gastrin.
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Targets Liver & pancreas for digestion[a] Secretin.
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Targets Pancreas & gallbladder for digestion.[a] Cholecystokinin.
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Targets kidney to make more urine.[a]ANP.
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Corpus luteum has receptors for which hormone?[a] Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.
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Targets connective tissues to loosen in pregnancy.[a] Relaxin.
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Endocrine 4 targets reversed
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Which tissues are targeted by Progesterone?[a]Uterus, especially endometrium & breast tissue is targeted by which hormone?
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Which tissues are targeted by Testosterone?[a]Entire male reproductive system and to some extent entire body has receptors for (is targeted by) what hormone?
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Which tissues are targeted by Melatonin?[a]Gonads, NS & Pituitary gland have receptors for and are downregulated by
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Which system do thymic hormones target?[a]T cells
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Where is the hypophyseal portal system located?[a]infundibulum
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Which tissues are targeted by Renin?[a]Cortex of Adrenal Glands
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Which tissues are targeted by Erythropoietin?[a]Bone marrow to make more RBC’s
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Which tissues are targeted by PTH?[a]Small intestines targeted by this to absorb more Calcium.
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Which tissues are targeted by Gastrin?[a]Stomach
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Which tissues are targeted by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?[a]Corpus luteum
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Which tissues are targeted by Relaxin?[a]Targets connective tissues to loosen in pregnancy.
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Which organs are targeted by Secretin?[a]Targets Liver & pancreas for digestion
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Which organs are targeted by Cholecystokinin?[a]Targets Pancreas & gallbladder for digestion.
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Which tissues are targeted by ANP?[a]Targets kidney to make more urine.
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Most hormones are composed of which substance?[a]amino acids
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Which type of hormones have suffixes that ends in ONE, OL, or OGEN?[a]Steroid hormones
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Which tissues are targeted by GH?[a]Epiphyseal plates of long bones & skeletal muscle and liver
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Which gland is targeted by TSH?[a]Thyroid Gland
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Which gland is targeted by ACTH?[a]Adrenal cortex
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Which glands are targeted by FSH?[a]Gonads
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Which tissues are targeted by PRL?[a]Breast tissue
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Interstitial cells of testes & ovarian follicles have receptors for[a]LH
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Melanocytes & neurons in the CNS have receptors for[a]MSH
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Which tissues are targeted by ADH?[a]Kidneys
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Which tissues are targeted by OT?[a]Uterine smooth muscle & breast tissue
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Which tissues are targeted by thyroxin?[a]Almost every cell in the body
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Which tissues are targeted by calcitonin?[a]Ostoeclast to inhibit
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Which tissues are targeted by Parathyroid Hormone?[a]Osteoclasts, kidneys & intestines
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Which tissues are targeted by Aldosterone to increase reabsorption of Na from urine?[a]Kidneys
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Which tissues are targeted by Cortisol?[a]Body cells which promote gluconeogenesis and inhibit inflammation
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Which organs are targeted by Epinephrine?[a]All Sympathetic effectors
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Which organ is targeted by glucagon?[a]Liver to release more sugar.
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Which tissues are targeted by Estrogen?[a]Uterus, breast tissue and most female body cells
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Which tissues are targeted by insulin to absorb blood sugar?[a]Most body cells
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