Lymphatic System [qdeck]

[q]

Lymphatic system – functions[a]This system removes excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins leaked from capillaries into tissue space, filter/clean lymph, maintains lymphocytes and absorbs fats.

[q]

Lymphatic system structure[a]This system is composed of lymph capillaries, lacteals, lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts.

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Lymphahtic system – location[a]This system is found in all vascular tissue except bones, teeth, bone marrow and CNS.

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Lacteals – define[a]This term describes the type of capillaries in the small intestine.

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Lymph capillary – structure[a]This structure is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that overlap slightly, forming minivalves.

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What is the effect of hydrostatic blood pressure on the plasma in the capillaries?[a]This force moves blood plasma out of capillaries into interstitial spaces.

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What is the effect of osmotic pressure on the interstitial fluid?[a]This force draws interstitial fluid into capillaries from interstitial spaces.

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Lymph vessel – structure[a]This structure is composed of the same 3 tunics as veins but the walls are thinner and have more valves.

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Right lymph duct – function[a]This structure drains lymph from right arm, right side of head, right thorax into the right subclavian vein.

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Thoracic duct – function[a]This structure drains lymph from lower extremities, left side thorax, left upper extremity, left side of head into the left subclavian vein.

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Cisterna chyli – function[a]This sac-like structure drains lymph from lower extremities and intestinal trunk into the thoracic duct.

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Cisterna chyli – location[a]This sac-like structure is level with L1, L2.

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How long does it take for the body to produce 3 liters of lymph?[a]How much lymph is produced by the body each day.

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What drives lymph circulation?[a]This process is performed by skeletal muscle compression, respiration and smooth muscle vessel contraction.

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Lymph nodes – describe[a]This structures are oval shaped capsules containing lymphocytes and macrophages.

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Afferent lymphatics – direction of flow[a]These vessels allow lymph to flow into lymph nodes.

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Efferent lymphatics – direction of flow[a]This vessels allows lymph to flow out of lymph nodes.

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Diffuse lymphatic tissue – describe[a]This structure is unencapsulated and consists of reticular CT fibers and WBC’s.

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Lymphatic nodules – describe[a]This structures are composed of concentrated oval shaped areas of lymph tissue lacking a capsule.

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Diffuse lymphatic tissue – location[a]This structure is found lining mucous membranes of GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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Diffuse lymphatic tissue – function[a]This structure forms a second protective barrier behind the mucous membranes.

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Primary lymph organs – function[a]These organs are the sites of B and T cell production and maturation.

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Primary Lymph Organs – list[a]This type of organ includes the bone marrow and thymus.

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Secondary lymph organs – function[a]These organs are where B cells and T cells live and work.

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Secondary lymph organs – list[a] lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils.

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Spleen – function[a] monitors blood for pathogenic organisms and has macrophages to remove old platelets, erythrocytes and debris from blood.

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Spleen – describe[a] fist sized capsule located in left upper quadrant of abdomen containing blood vessels & efferent lymph vessels.

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Lymphyedema – define[a]This term describes swelling of a limb often due to removal of lymph nodes and vessels.

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Systemic edema – define[a]This term describes an excess of tissue fluid in entire body, often due to high blood pressure, liver failure or blockage of the lymph system.

[/qdeck]

Lymphatic System Reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes an excess of tissue fluid in entire body, often due to high blood pressure, liver failure or blockage of the lymph system?[a]Systemic edema

[q]

Which term describes swelling of a limb often due to removal of lymph nodes and vessels?[a]Lymphyedema

[q]

Which organ is a fist sized capsule located in left upper quadrant of abdomen containing blood vessels & efferent lymph vessels?[a]Spleen

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Which organ monitors blood for pathogenic organisms and has macrophages to remove old platelets, erythrocytes and debris from blood?[a]Spleen

[q]

Which type of organs include lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils?[a]Secondary lymph organs

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Where do you find B cells and T cells?[a]Secondary lymph organs

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Which type of organs include the bone marrow and thymus?[a]Primary Lymph Organs

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Which organs are the sites of B and T cell production and maturation?[a]Primary lymph organs

[q]

Which structure forms a second protective barrier behind the mucous membranes?[a]Diffuse lymphatic tissue

[q]

Which structure is found lining mucous membranes of GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts?[a]Diffuse lymphatic tissue

[q]

Which structures are composed of concentrated oval shaped areas of lymph tissue lacking a capsule?[a]Lymphatic nodules

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Which structure is unencapsulated and consists of reticular CT fibers and WBC’s?[a]Diffuse lymphatic tissue

[q]

Which vessels allow lymph to flow out of lymph nodes?[a] Efferent lymphatics

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Which vessels allow lymph to flow into lymph nodes?[a]Afferent lymphatics

[q]

Which structures are oval shaped capsules containing lymphocytes and macrophages?[a]Lymph nodes

[q]

Which process is performed by skeletal muscle compression, respiration and smooth muscle vessel contraction?[a]lymph circulation

[q]

How much lymph is produced by the body each day?[a]3 liters

[q]

Which sac-like structure is level with L1, L2?[a]Cisterna chyli

[q]

Which sac-like structure drains lymph from lower extremities and intestinal trunk into the thoracic duct?[a]Cisterna chyli

[q]

Which structure drains lymph from lower extremities, left side thorax, left upper extremity, left side of head into the left subclavian vein?[a]Thoracic duct

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Which structure drains lymph from right arm, right side of head, right thorax into the right subclavian vein?[a]Right lymph duct

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Which structure is composed of the same 3 tunics as veins but the walls are thinner and have more valves?[a]Lymph vessel

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Which force draws interstitial fluid into capillaries from interstitial spaces?[a]osmotic pressure

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Which force moves blood plasma out of capillaries into interstitial spaces?[a]hydrostatic blood pressure

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Which structure is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that overlap slightly, forming minivalves?[a]Lymph capillary

[q]

Which term describes the type of capillaries in the small intestine?[a]Lacteals

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Which system is found in all vascular tissue except bones, teeth, bone marrow and CNS?[a]Lymphahtic system

[q]

Which system is composed of lymph capillaries, lacteals, lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts?[a]Lymphatic system

[q]

Which system removes excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins leaked from capillaries into tissue space, filter/clean lymph, maintains lymphocytes and absorbs fats?[a]Lymphatic system

[/qdeck]

Vessel Structure [qdeck]

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Arteries & arterioles – function[a]This type of vessel carrys blood away from the heart

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Capillaries – function[a]This type of vessel allow nutrient exchange between blood and surrounding tissues

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Veins & venules – function[a]This type of vessel carrys blood towards the heart

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Vaso Vasorum – define[a]This term describes the networks of small blood vessels in walls of larger blood vessels which bring nutrients to deeper layers in vessel walls

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Elastic/Conducting arteries – describe[a] This type of artery is located closer to heart and has a higher proportion of elastic CT in the tunica media

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Tunica interna – define[a]This layer of vessel is in contact with blood, composed of simple squamous epithelium and continuous with epicardium of heart

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Tunica media – define[a]This layer of vessel is the middle layer and consists of smooth muscle and elastic CT

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Tunica externa – define[a]This layer of vessel is outermost and consists of elastic CT and collagen fibers

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Muscular/Distributing arteries – location[a]This type of arteries are located farther from heart

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Lumen – define[a]This term describes the hollow space through which blood flows

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Arteries – structure[a]This type of vessels have the thickest walls and highest blood pressure

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Veins – structure[a]This type of vessels have the lowest blood pressure and largest lumen

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Capillaries – structure[a]This type of vessels have the thinnest walls

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Venules – structure[a]This type of vessels have no tunica media but do have a tunica interna and externa

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Arterioles – structure[a]This type of vessels have no tunica externa but do have a tunica interna and media

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True capaillaries – structure[a]This type of vessels have only a tunica interna and precapillary sphincters

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Thoroughfare channels – define[a]This type of vessels have no precapillary sphincters and drain into venules

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Metaarteriole – define[a]This type of vessels have no precapillary sphincters and drain into thoroughfare channels

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Fenestrated capaillaries – define[a]This type of vessels are perforated with numerous pores and located where capillary filtration or absorption is required

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Sinusoids – define[a]This type of capillaries have large lumens, irregular shape, many intercellular clefts, large fenestrations, often lined with macrophages

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Sinusoids – location[a]This type of capillaries are located in the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

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Fenestrated capaillaries – location[a]This type of vessels are located in the kidneys, small intestines, endocrine glands, ciliary processes of eye

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Arteries flow into what?[a]This type of vessels flow into arterioles

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Veins flow into what?[a]This type of vessels flow into the heart

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Capillaries flow into what?[a]This type of vessels flow into venules

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Venules flow into what?[a]This type of vessels flow into veins

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Arterioles flow into what?[a]This type of vessels flow into capillaries

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Varicose veins – define[a]This term describes veins in which valves have failed, leaving them distended and tortuous.

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Veins hold what percentage of blood?[a]Veins hold 65% of the whole blood

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Aneurysm – define[a]This term describes a distention of artery wall

[/qdeck]

Vessel Structure Reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes a distention of artery wall?[a]Aneurysm

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Which type of vessels hold 65% of the whole blood?[a]Veins

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Which term describes veins in which valves have failed?[a]Varicose veins

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Which type of vessels flow into capillaries?[a]Arterioles

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Which type of vessels flow into veins?[a]Venules

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Which type of vessels flow into venules?[a]Capillaries

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Which type of vessels flow into the heart?[a]Veins

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Which type of vessels flow into arterioles?[a]Arteries

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Which type of vessels are located in the kidneys, small intestines, endocrine glands, ciliary processes of eye?[a]Fenestrated capaillaries – location

[q]

Which type of capillaries are located in the liver, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue?[a]Sinusoids

[q]

Which type of capillaries have large lumens, irregular shape, many intercellular clefts, large fenestrations, often lined with macrophages?[a]Sinusoids

[q]

Which type of vessels are perforated with numerous pores and located where capillary filtration or absorption is required?[a]Fenestrated capaillaries

[q]

Which type of vessels have no precapillary sphincters and drain into thoroughfare channels?[a]Metaarteriole

[q]

Which type of vessels have no precapillary sphincters and drain into venules?[a]Thoroughfare channels

[q]

Which type of vessels have only a tunica interna and precapillary sphincters?[a]True capaillaries

[q]

Which type of vessels have no tunica externa but do have a tunica interna and media?[a]Arterioles

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Which type of vessels have no tunica media but do have a tunica interna and externa?[a]Venules

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Which type of vessels have the thinnest walls?[a]Capillaries

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Which type of vessels have the lowest blood pressure and largest lumen?[a]Veins

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Which type of vessels have the thickest walls and highest blood pressure?[a]Arteries

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Which term describes the hollow space through which blood flows?[a]Lumen

[q]

Which type arteries are located further from heart?[a]Muscular/Distributing arteries

[q]

Which layer of vessel is outermost and consists of elastic CT and collagen fibers?[a]Tunica externa

[q]

Which layer of vessel is the middle layer and consists of smooth muscle and elastic CT?[a]Tunica media

[q]

Which layer of vessel is in contact with blood, composed of simple squamous epithelium and continuous with epicardium of heart?[a]Tunica interna

[q]

Which type of arteries are located closer to heart and have a higher proportion of elastic CT in the tunica media?[a]Elastic/Conducting arteries

[q]

Which term describes the networks of small blood vessels in walls of larger blood vessels which bring nutrients to deeper layers in vessel walls?[a]Vaso Vasorum

[q]

Which type of vessels carry blood towards the heart?[a]Veins & venules

[q]

Which type of vessels allow nutrient exchange between blood and surrounding tissues?[a]Capillaries

[q]

Which type of vessels carry blood away from the heart?[a]Arteries & arterioles

[/qdeck]

Vessel Routes 1 [qdeck]

[q]

Ascending aorta – carries blood to[a]the arch of the aorta and the coronary arteries

[q]

Arch of the aorta – carries blood to[a]left common carotid artery, the brachiocephalic artery, the left subclavian artery,the descending aorta

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Coronary arteries – carry blood to[a]the myocardium

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Brachiocephalic trunk – carries blood to[a] the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery

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Right common carotid artery – carries blood to[a] the right internal and external carotid arteries

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Right internal carotid artery – carries blood to[a] the circle of Willis

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Circle of Willis – carries blood to[a] the cerebral arteries

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Cerebral arteries – carries blood to[a] the brain

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Brain – blood drains into[a] the venous sinuses

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Venous sinuses – drain blood into[a] internal jugular veins

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Internal jugular veins – drain blood into[a] the brachiocephalic veins

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Brachiocephalic vein – drains blood into[a] the Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

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Superior Vena Cava (SVC) – drains blood into[a] the right atrium

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External jugular veins – drain blood into[a] the subclavian vein

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Basilar artery – carries blood to[a]Circle of Willis

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Vertebral arteries – carry blood to[a] the basilar artery

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Subclavian artery – carries blood to[a] the axillary artery

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Axillary artery – carries blood to[a] the brachial artery

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Brachial artery – carries blood to[a] radial and ulnar arteries

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Radial and ulnar arteries – carry blood to[a] palmer arches

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Palmer arches – carry blood to[a] the digital arteries

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Digital veins – drain blood into[a] the palmer venous arches

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Palmer venous arches – drain blood into[a]the radial and ulnar veins

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Radial & ulnar veins – drain blood into[a] the brachial veins

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Brachial veins – drain blood into[a]the axillary veins

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Axillary veins – drain blood into[a] the subclavian veins

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Basilic veins – drain blood into[a] the brachial veins

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Cephalic veins – drain blood into[a] the subclavian veins

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External carotid arteries – carry blood to[a] the face and skull

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External jugular veins – drain blood from[a] the face and skull

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Thoracic aorta – carries blood to[a] superior phrenic, esophageal, mediastinal and intercostal arteries

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Abdominal aorta – carries blood to[a] celiac, superior, inferior mesenterinc, renal, suprarenal & lumbar arteries

[q]

Abdominal aorta – carries blood to[a]the right and left Common Iliac arteries

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Celiac trunk – flows into[a]the hepatic, splenic and left gastric arteries

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Superior & inferior mesenteric, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic and splenic veins – drain blood into[a] the hepatic portal vein

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Hepatic portal vein – drains blood into[a] the liver

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Hepatic artery – carries blood to[a]the liver (oxygenated)

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Liver – drains blood into[a]the hepatic veins

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Hepatic veins – drain blood into[a] the IVC

[/qdeck]

Vessel Routes 1 Reversed [qdeck]

[q]

From which vessel does the liver receive deoxygenated blood?[a]Hepatic portal vein

[q]

From which vessels does the hepatic portal vein receive blood?[a]Superior & inferior mesenteric, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic and splenic veins

[q]

From which vessel do the hepatic, splenic and left gastric arteries receive blood?[a]Celiac trunk – flows into

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From which vessel do the right and left Common Iliac arteries receive blood?[a]Abdominal aorta

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From which vessel do the celiac, superior, inferior mesenterinc, renal, suprarenal & lumbar arteries receive blood?[a]Abdominal aorta

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From which vessel do the superior phrenic, esophageal, mediastinal and intercostal arteries receive blood?[a]Thoracic aorta

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Which vessels drain the face and skull[a]External jugular veins

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Which vessels nourish the face and skull?[a]External carotid arteries

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From which vessels do the subclavian veins receive blood?[a]Cephalic veins and Axillary veins

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From which vessels do the brachial veins receive blood?[a]Basilic veins

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From which vessels do the axillary veins receive blood?[a]Brachial veins

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From which vessels do the brachial veins receive blood?[a]Radial & ulnar veins

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From which vessels do the radial and ulnar veins receive blood?[a]Palmer venous arches

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From which vessels do the palmer venous arches receive blood?[a]Digital veins

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From which vessels do the digital arteries receive blood?[a]Palmer arches

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From which vessels do the palmer arches receive blood?[a]Radial and ulnar arteries

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From which vessels do the radial and ulnar arteries receive blood?[a]Brachial artery

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From which vessels does the brachial artery receive blood?[a]Axillary artery

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From which vessels does the axillary artery receive blood?[a]Subclavian artery

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From which vessels does the basilar artery receive blood?[a]Vertebral arteries

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From which vessels does the subclavian vein receive blood?[a]External jugular veins

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From which vessels does the right atrium receive blood?[a]Superior Vena Cava (SVC) and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and coronary sinus

[q]

From which vessels does the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) receive blood?[a]Brachiocephalic vein

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From which vessels do the brachiocephalic veins receive blood?[a]Internal jugular veins

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From which vessels do the internal jugular veins receive blood?[a]Venous sinuses

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The venous sinuses drain blood from which organ?[a]Brain

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From which vessels does the brain receive blood?[a]Cerebral arteries

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From which vessels do the cerebral arteries receive blood?[a]Circle of Willis

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From which vessels does the circle of Willis receive blood?[a]Internal carotid arteries and Basilar artery

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From which vessels do the right internal and external carotid arteries receive blood?[a]Right common carotid artery

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From which vessel does the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery receive blood?[a]Brachiocephalic trunk

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From which vessels does the heart receive blood?[a]Coronary arteries

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From which vessel does the descending aorta receive blood?[a]Arch of the aorta

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From which vessel does the left subclavian artery receive blood?[a]Arch of the aorta

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From which vessel does the left common carotid artery receive blood?[a]Arch of the aorta

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From which vessel does the brachiocephalic artery receive blood?[a]Arch of the aorta

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From which vessel do the coronary arteries receive blood?[a]Ascending aorta

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From which vessel does the arch of the aorta receive blood?[a]Ascending aorta

[/qdeck]

Vessel Routes 2 [qdeck]

[q]

The renal veins drain blood into[a] the IVC

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The kidneys drain blood into[a]the renal veins

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Common iliac artery carries blood to[a] the internal and external iliac arteries

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The internal iliac artery carries blood to[a] the groin

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The external iliac artery carries blood to[a] the femoral artery

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The femoral artery carries blood to[a] the popliteal artery

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The poplitel artery carries blood to[a] the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

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The posterior tibial artery carries blood to[a] the medial and lateral plantar arteries

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The anterior tibial artery carries blood to[a] the dorsalis pedis artery

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The posterior tibial artery carries blood to[a] the peroneal artery

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The azygos vein drains blood into[a] the SVC

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The right ascending lumbar vein drains blood into[a] the azygos vein

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The hemiazygos vein drains blood into[a] the azygos vein

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The accessory hemiazygos vein drains blood into[a] the azygos vein

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The right side of the chest and abdominal walls drain into[a] the azygos vein?

[q]

The left side of the abdominal wall drains blood into[a] the hemiazygos vein?

[q]

The left side of the chest wall -drains blood into[a] into the accessory hemiazygos vein?

[q]

The lateral leg compartment drains blood into[a] area does the peroneal vein

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The posterior leg compartment drains blood into[a] the posterior tibial vein

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The anterior leg compartment drains blood into[a] the anterior tibial vein

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The great saphenous vein drains blood into[a] the femoral vein

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The small saphenous vein drains blood into[a] the popliteal vein

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The anterior and posterior tibial veins drain blood into[a] the popliteal vein

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The popliteal vein drains blood into[a]the femoral vein

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The femoral vein drains blood into[a] the external iliac vein

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The external and internal iliac veins drain blood into[a] the common iliac vein

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The right and left common iliac veins -merge and drain blood into[a] the IVC (located at L4)

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Varicose Vein – define[a] a distended vein that is caused by a leaky valve

[q]

Aneurysm – define[a] a distension in an artery

[q]

Myocardial infarct – define[a] a blockage of a coronary artery causes cardiac tissue to become ischemic and die

[q]

Stroke (CVA) – define[a] blockage of a cerebral artery causes brain tissue to become ischemic and die

[q]

Anastamosis – define[a] an alternate route for blood to flow

[q]

Median cubital vein is an anastamosis between what vessels?[a] the basislic and cepahlic veins

[q]

The descending aorta splits and carries blood to[a]the right and left common iliac ateries

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The right and left brachiocephalic veins merge and drain blood to[a] the SVC

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The internal jugular and subclavian veins merge and drain blood into[a] brachiocephalic veins

[q]

In which arteries can a pulse be felt?[a] radial, axillary, superficial, temporal, carotid, femoral and dorsalis pedis arteries

[/qdeck]

Vessel Routes 2 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

From which vessels do the brachiocephalic veins receives blood?[a]The internal jugular and subclavian veins

[q]

From which vessels does the SVC receives blood?[a]The right and left brachiocephalic veins

[q]

From which vessels (located at L4) do the right and left common iliac ateries receive blood?[a]The descending aorta

[q]

Which vessel is an anastamosis between the basislic and cepahlic veins?[a]Median cubital vein

[q]

Which term describes an alternate route for blood to flow?[a]Anastamosis

[q]

Which term describes when blockage of a cerebral artery causes brain tissue to become ischemic and die?[a]Stroke (CVA)

[q]

Which term describes when a blockage of a coronary artery causes cardiac tissue to become ischemic and die?[a]Myocardial infarct

[q]

Which term describes a distension in an artery?[a]Aneurysm

[q]

Which term describes a distended vein that is caused by a leaky valve?[a]Varicose Vein

[q]

From which vessels does the IVC (located at L4) form a junction and receive blood?[a]The right and left common iliac veins

[q]

From which vessels does the common iliac vein receive blood?[a]The external and internal iliac veins

[q]

From which vessels does the external iliac vein receive blood?[a]The femoral vein

[q]

From which vessel does the popliteal vein receive blood?[a]The tibial, common peroneal and small saphenous vein

[q]

From which vessel does the femoral vein receive blood?[a]The popliteal and great saphenous vein

[q]

From which body area does the anterior tibial vein receive blood?[a]The anterior leg compartment

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From which body area does the posterior tibial vein receive blood?[a]The posterior leg compartment

[q]

From which body area does the peroneal vein receive blood?[a]The lateral leg compartment

[q]

Which area of the body wall drains directly into the accessory hemiazygos vein?[a]The left side of the chest wall -drains blood into

[q]

Which area of the body wall drains directly into the hemiazygos vein?[a]The left side of the abdominal wall

[q]

Which area of the body wall drains directly into the azygos vein?[a]The right side of the chest and abdominal walls

[q]

From which vessel does the hemiazygos vein receive blood?[a]The left ascending lumbar vein

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From which vessel does the azygos vein receive blood?[a]The hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos vein

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From which vessel does the azygos vein receive blood?[a]The right ascending lumbar vein

[q]

From which vessel does the SVC receive blood?[a]The azygos vein

[q]

From which vessel does the peroneal artery receive blood?[a]The posterior tibial artery

[q]

From which vessel does the dorsalis pedis artery receive blood?[a]The anterior tibial artery

[q]

From which vessel do the medial and lateral plantar arteries receive blood?[a]The posterior tibial artery

[q]

From which vessel do the anterior and posterior tibial arteries receive blood?[a]The poplitel artery

[q]

From which vessel does the popliteal artery receive blood?[a]The femoral artery

[q]

From which vessel does the femoral artery receive blood?[a]The external iliac artery

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From which vessel does the groin receive blood?[a]The internal iliac artery

[q]

From which vessel do the internal and external iliac arteries receive blood?[a]Common iliac artery

[q]

From which organs do the renal veins receive blood?[a]The kidneys

[q]

From which vessels does the IVC receive blood?[a]The R and L Common Iliac Veins

[/qdeck]

Blood Deck 1 [qdeck]

[q]

HEMATOLOGY – define[a] This term describes the study of blood.

[q]

BLOOD – define[a]This term describes a liquid connective tissue composed of cells and fluid.

[q]

BLOOD – functions[a]TRANSPORTATION, REGULATION, PROTECTION inside the body.

[q]

Body temperature & pH are regulated by what tissue?[a]blood.

[q]

Plasma – percentage of blood[a] 55% of blood.

[q]

Blood cells – percentage of blood[a] 45% of blood.

[q]

7.35 – 7.45 That’s not lotto, but what is it?[a] This is the normal range of pH in blood.

[q]

Water – percentage of plasma[a]Water composes 91% of plasma.

[q]

Proteins – percentage of plasma[a] Proteins are 7% of plasma.

[q]

Solutes – percentage of plasma[a]Solutes are 2% of plasma.

[q]

Albumins, globulins & clotting proteins – define[a]These proteins are collectively known as plasma proteins.

[q]

ALBUMIN – function[a]This substances creates COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE.

[q]

GLOBULINS – function[a]These plasma proteins fight antigens.

[q]

CLOTTING PROTEINS – list[a] PROTHROMBIN and FIBRINOGEN.

[q]

Hemostasis – define[a]This term describes blood clotting.

[q]

Suspension – define[a]This is how blood cells are carried in the bloodstream.

[q]

Solutes – define[a]Materials dissolved in blood plasma.

[q]

What cell lives about 120 days?[a] RBCs.

[q]

How fast are RBC’s produced?[a] 2 million/sec- rate of cell production/destruction.

[q]

THROMBOCYTES aka[a]platelets.

[q]

LEUKOCYTES – aka[a]WBC’s

[q]

ERYTHROCYTES – aka[a] red blood cells

[q]

ERYTHROCYTES – describe[a]Very small, non nucleated cells filled with hemoglobin.

[q]

HEMOGLOBIN – define[a]an oxygen carryting protein molecule with 4 atoms of iron embedded in it.

[q]

HEMOPOIESIS – define[a]This term describes blood cell production.

[q]

Red bone marrow – function[a]This tissue is the site of HEMOPOIESIS.

[q]

Yellow bone marrow – function[a]In this type of marrow fat is stored.

[q]

MYELOID TISSUE – define[a]This term describes bone marrow.

[q]

LYMPHOID TISSUES – list[a] marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymph vessels.

[q]

VASCULAR SPASM – define[a]This term describes how blood vessel injury causes constriction.

[/qdeck]

Blood Deck 1 Reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes the study of blood?[a]HEMATOLOGY

[q]

Which term describes a liquid connective tissue composed of cells and fluid?[a]BLOOD

[q]

Which substances are carried in blood?[a]Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, Ca++, Na+, K+, water, uric acid, ammonia & urea

[q]

Which homeostatic systems are regulated by blood?[a]Body temperature & pH

[q]

Which substance composes 55% of blood?[a]Plasma

[q]

Which substance composes 45% of blood?[a]Blood cells

[q]

What is the normal range of pH in blood?[a]7.35 – 7.45

[q]

Which substance composes 91% of plasma?[a]Water

[q]

Which substances make up 7% of plasma?[a]Proteins

[q]

Which substances make ups 2% of plasma?[a]Solutes

[q]

Which solutes are carried in blood?[a]ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS, GASES, WASTES, HORMONES, ENZYMES & VITAMINS

[q]

Which proteins are collectively known as plasma proteins?[a]Albumins, globulins & clotting proteins

[q]

Which substances creates COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE?[a]ALBUMINS

[q]

Which plasma proteins fight antigens?[a]GLOBULINS

[q]

What are PROTHROMBIN and FIBRINOGEN?[a]CLOTTING PROTEINS

[q]

Which term describes blood clotting?[a]Hemostasis

[q]

How are blood cells carried in blood?[a]Suspension

[q]

What is dissolved in blood?[a]Solutes

[q]

How many RBC are there in 1 mm of blood?[a]5 million/mm

[q]

How many WBC are there in 1 mm of blood?[a]5000 to 9000/mm

[q]

How many Platelets are there in 1 mm of blood?[a]150000 – 350000 per cubic mm

[q]

What is the lifespan of RBCs?[a]120 days

[q]

What is the lifespan of WBCs?[a]Variable lifespan, hours to years

[q]

How quickly are RBC produced and destroyed?[a]2 million/sec- rate of cell production/destruction.

[q]

Which term describes platelets?[a]THROMBOCYTES

[q]

White blood cells aka[a]LEUKOCYTES

[q]

red blood cells aka[a]ERYTHROCYTES

[q]

Which cells are very small, non nucleated, and filled with hemoglobin?[a]ERYTHROCYTES

[q]

Which structure consists of a protein molecule with 4 atoms of iron embedded in it?[a]HEMOGLOBIN

[q]

Which term describes blood cell production?[a]HEMOPOIESIS

[q]

Which tissue is the site of HEMOPOIESIS[a]Red bone marrow

[q]

In which type of marrow is fat stored?[a]Yellow bone marrow

[q]

Which term describes bone marrow?[a]MYELOID TISSUE

[q]

Which term describes how blood vessel injury causes constriction?[a]VASCULAR SPASM

[/qdeck]

Blood Deck 2 [qdeck]

[q]

RBCs – shape[a]These cells have a small biconcave shape.

[q]

RBCs – function[a]These Cells takes care of gas transport and exchange.

[q]

ERYTHROPOIESIS – define[a]production of RBCs

[q]

HEMATOCRIT – define[a]This is the percent of whole blood that is composed of RBC’s.

[q]

ANEMIA – define[a]This is a lower than normal hematocrit.

[q]

What are the causes of ANEMIA?[a]Caused by genes(sickle cell) diet auto-immune disease hemorrhage radiation or chemotherapy.

[q]

LEUKOCYTES – function[a]These cells search for and destroy foreign invaders.

[q]

Sinusoids of the liver and spleen – function[a]This is where old blood cells are broken down?

[q]

DIAPEDISIS – define[a]This is the OOZING or SQUEEZING of fluid though blood vessel walls into interstitial spaces.

[q]

AMEBOID MOTION – define[a]This is how WBC’s swim through connective and interstitial tissues.

[q]

CHEMOTAXIS – define[a]This is how WBCs respond to CHEMICALS being given off by dying cells. (they act like blood hounds)

[q]

PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS – define[a]This is how WBC’s envelop a solid or a liquid.

[q]

GRANULOCYTES – describe[a]These WBC’s have granules containing chemicals.

[q]

GRANULOCYTES – list[a]NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS.

[q]

NEUTROPHILS contain what chemical in their granules?[a]LYSOZYME to destroy bacteria and other cooties.

[q]

EOSINOPHILS contain what chemical in their granules?[a]Which type of cells contain ANTIHISTAMINES?

[q]

BASOPHILS contain what chemical in their granules?[a]Which type of cells contain histamine heparin and serotonin?

[q]

HISTAMINES – function[a]These enhances inflammation.

[q]

NEUTROPHILS – function[a]These phagocytotic & mobile cells are the FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against invading microbes.

[q]

NEUTROPHILS are what percentage of WBC’s?[a]70%

[q]

EOSINOPHILS – function[a]These cells reduce inflammation eat antigen-antibody complexes as well as certain worms.

[q]

BASOPHILS – function[a]These cells enhance inflammation and can become mast cells.

[q]

AGRANULOCYTES – describe[a]These cells have no chemically filled granules.

[q]

LYMPHOCYTES – define[a]These cells are part of the IMMUNE system are created in red bone marrow & MATURE in lymphatic tissue.

[q]

ANTIGENS – define[a]This is a foreign cell or molecule triggering the generation of antibodies.

[q]

T-LYMPHOCYTES – function[a]These cells attack antigens and infected body cells

[q]

B-LYMPHOCYTES – function[a]These cells produce antibodies to destroy or disable antigens.

[q]

NATURAL KILLER CELLS – function[a]These cells attack abnormal body cells.

[q]

Memory B and T cells – lifespan/function[a]Which type of cells stay in the body for years and protect against repeated exposure to a given antigen.

[q]

Antibodies – define[a]These proteins are made by Plasma B cells to attack antigens.

[q]

Immunity – define[a]This is the body’s ability to recognize and fight against a re-infection of disease.

[q]

Resistance – define[a]This is the body’s ability to fight disease regardless of previous exposure.

[q]

MONOCYTES – define[a]THESE cells are very large PHAGOCYTIC immune cells (macrophages).

[q]

WANDERING MACROPHAGES – define[a]These cells travel through connective tissues cleaning up debris and attacking antigens.

[q]

FIXED MACROPHAGES – define[a]These cells stay in the liver spleen lungs and CNS to clean up debris and attack invaders.

[/qdeck]

Blood Deck 2 Reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which type of cells cling to sinusoids in the liver and spleen and removed dust in the lungs?[a]FIXED MACROPHAGES

[q]

Which type of cells travel through connective tissues cleaning up debris and attacking antigens?[a]WANDERING MACROPHAGES

[q]

Which type of cells are very large PHAGOCYTIC immune cells (macrophages)?[a]MONOCYTE

[q]

Which term describes the body’s ability to fight disease regardless of previous exposure?[a]Resistance

[q]

Which term describes the body’s ability to recognize and fight against a re-infection of disease?[a]Immunity

[q]

Which type of proteins are made by Plasma B cells to attack antigens?[a]Antibodies

[q]

Which type of cells stay in the body for years and protect against repeated exposure to a given antigen?[a]Memory B and T cells

[q]

Which type of cells attack abnormal body cells?[a]NATURAL KILLER CELLS

[q]

Which type of cells produce antibodies to destroy or disable antigens?[a]B-LYMPHOCYTES

[q]

Which type of cells attack antigens and infected body cells?[a]T-LYMPHOCYTES

[q]

What is a foreign cell or molecule?[a]ANTIGENS

[q]

Which type of cells are part of the IMMUNE system?[a]LYMPHOCYTE

[q]

Which type of cells have no chemically filled granules, are born in red bone marrow & MATURE in lymphatic tissue?[a]AGRANULOCYTES

[q]

Which type of cells ENHANCE inflammation?[a]BASOPHILS

[q]

Which type of cells can become mast cells?[a]BASOPHILS

[q]

Which type of cells reduce inflammation, eat antigen-antibody complexes as well as certain worms?[a]EOSINOPHILS

[q]

Which type of cells compose 70% of the granulocytes?[a]NEUTROPHILS

[q]

Which type of phagocytotic & mobile cells are the FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against invading microbes?[a]NEUTROPHILS

[q]

Which chemical enhances inflammation?[a]HISTAMINES

[q]

Which type of cells contain histamine, heparin and serotonin?[a]BASOPHILS

[q]

Which type of cells contain ANTIHISTAMINES?[a]EOSINOPHILS

[q]

Which type of cells contain LYSOZYME to destroy bacteria and other cooties?[a]NEUTROPHILS

[q]

Which type of WBC’s include: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS?[a]GRANULOCYTES

[q]

Which type of WBC’s have granules containing chemicals?[a]GRANULOCYTES

[q]

Which term describes how WBC’s envelop a solid or a liquid?[a]PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS

[q]

Which term describes how WBCs respond to CHEMICALS being given off by dying cells? (they act like blood hounds)[a]CHEMOTAXIS

[q]

Which term describes how WBC’s swim through connective and interstitial tissues?[a]AMEBOID MOTION

[q]

Which term describes the OOZING or SQUEEZING of fluid though blood vessel walls into interstitial spaces?[a]DIAPEDISIS

[q]

In which structures are old blood cells broken down?[a]Sinusoids of the liver and spleen – function

[q]

Which cells search for and destroy foreign invaders?[a]LEUKOCYTES

[q]

Which blood condition can be caused by genes(sickle cell), diet, auto-immune disease, hemorrhage, radiation or chemotherapy?[a]ANEMIA

[q]

Which term describes a lower than normal hematocrit?[a]ANEMIA

[q]

Which term describes the percent of whole blood that is composed of RBC’s?[a]HEMATOCRIT

[q]

Which term describes the production RBCs?[a]ERYTHROPOIESIS

[/qdeck]

Blood Deck 3 [qdeck]

[q]

Thromboplastin is carried by[a]Platelets

[q]

Hemostasis – define[a]This is the body’s ability to stop bleeding.

[q]

Vascular Spasm – define[a]Vessel injury causes thrombocytes to release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction.

[q]

Platelet plug formation – define[a]This process occurs when RBCs and platelets form a plug to fill up a hole in a vessel.

[q]

Coagulation – define[a]This process is a series of chemical reactions resulting in a blood clot.

[q]

Clot retraction – define[a]In this process platelets SHRINK and PULL the ends of the clot INWARD to make the original hole SMALLER.

[q]

Thromboplastin – define[a]This enzyme turns prothrombin into THROMBIN.

[q]

Thrombin – define[a]This enzyme turns fibrinogen into FIBRIN.

[q]

A wad of fibrin and RBC’s make up what?[a]a blood clot

[q]

Prothrombin & fibrinogen – produced by[a]These enzymes are made by the liver to promote clotting.

[q]

Serum – define[a]This is blood plasma WITHOUT the clotting proteins FIBRINOGEN and PROTHROMBIN. It seeps through scabs.

[q]

Thrombus – define[a]This is a stationary clot in an UNRUPTURED vessel.

[q]

Embolis – define[a]This is a FREE FLOATING body in the bloodstream including clots, loose plaques or fat globules.

[q]

Embolism – define[a]This is an embolus that gets stuck.

[q]

Agglutinogens – define[a]These are markers on the RBC’s, denoted as A, B, or + for Rh.

[q]

Agglutinins – define[a]These are the antibodies the body makes to fight off foreign blood types.

[q]

List the markers on a Type A+ blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen A and the Rh factor.

[q]

List the markers on a Type A- blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen A and not the Rh factor.

[q]

List the markers on a Type B- blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen B and not the Rh factor.

[q]

List the markers on a Type AB+ cell. [a]Agglutinogen A, B and the Rh factor.

[q]

List the markers on a Type O+ blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen for the Rh factor only.

[q]

List the markers on a Type O- blood cell.[a]There are no agglutinogens on O-.

[q]

Type A+ recipient can receive blood from?[a]Type A+, A-, O+ and O- for transfusion.

[q]

Type A- recipient can receive blood from?[a]Type A-, and O- for transfusion.

[q]

Type B+ recipient can receive blood from?[a]Type B+, B-, O+ and O- for transfusion.

[q]

Type O- recipient can receive blood from[a]Type O- only for transfusion.

[q]

Type AB+ recipient can receive blood from[a]Type A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O- for transfusion. It is the universal recipient.

[q]

Type AB- recipient can receive blood from[a]Type B-, A-, AB- and O- for transfusion.

[q]

Type O- is known as[a]universal donor.

[q]

Type AB+ is known as[a]universal recipient.

[q]

Type O- can be given to[a]type AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O- and O+ for transfusion.

[q]

An Rh- mother is dangerous to[a]To an Rh+ fetus if she has given birth to a Rh+ baby already.

[/qdeck]

Blood Deck 3 Reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which blood type in a mother might cause damage to a Rh+ fetus?[a]An Rh- mother

[q]

Which blood type is acceptable to give to AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O- and O+ for transfusion?[a]Type O-

[q]

Which blood type is known as is the universal recipient?[a]Type AB+

[q]

Which blood type is known as the universal donor[a]Type O-

[q]

Which blood type requires Donor to be type B-, A-, AB- and O- for transfusion?[a]Type AB-

[q]

Which blood type requires Donor to be type A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O- for transfusion?[a]Type AB+

[q]

Which blood type requires Donor to be type O- for transfusion?[a]Type O-

[q]

Which blood type requires Donor to be type B+, B-, O+ and O- for transfusion?[a]Type B+

[q]

Which blood type requires the donor to be type A-, and O- for transfusion?[a]Type A-

[q]

Which blood type requires the donor to be type A+, A-, O+ and O- for transfusion?[a]Type A+

[q]

Which blood type has no agglutinogens?[a]Type O blood cell.

[q]

Which blood type has agglutinogen for the Rh factor only?[a]Type O+ blood cell.

[q]

Which blood type has agglutinogen A, B and the Rh factor?[a]Type AB+ cell.

[q]

Which blood type has agglutinogen B and not the Rh factor?[a]Type B- blood cell.

[q]

Which blood type has agglutinogen A and not the Rh factor?[a]Type A- blood cell.

[q]

Which blood type has agglutinogen A and the Rh factor?[a]Type A+ blood cell.

[q]

Which terms describes the antibodies the body makes to fight off foreign blood types?[a]Agglutinins

[q]

Which terms describes the markers on the RBC’s?[a]Agglutinogens

[q]

Which terms describes an embolus that gets stuck?[a]Embolism

[q]

Which terms describes FREE FLOATING bodies in blood including clots, loose plaque or fat globules?[a]Embolis

[q]

Which term describes a stationary clot in an UNRUPTURED vessel?[a]Thrombus

[q]

Which terms describes blood plasma WITHOUT the clotting proteins FIBRINOGEN and PROTHROMBIN? It seeps through scabs.[a]Serum

[q]

Which enzymes does the liver make to promote clotting?[a]Prothrombin & fibrinogen

[q]

What are blood clots made of?[a]A wad Fibrin and RBC’s.

[q]

Which enzyme turns fibrinogen into FIBRIN?[a]Thrombin

[q]

Which enzyme turns prothrombin into THROMBIN?[a]Thromboplastin

[q]

In which process do platelets SHRINK, PULL the ends of the clot INWARD & make the original hole SMALLER?[a]Clot retraction

[q]

Which process is a series of chemical reactions resulting in a blood clot?[a]Coagulation

[q]

Which process occurs when RBCs and platelets form a plug to fill up a hole in a vessel?[a]Platelet plug formation

[q]

Which process occurs when vessel injury causes thrombocytes to release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction?[a]Vascular Spasm

[q]

Which term describes the body’s ability to stop bleeding?[a]Hemostasis

[q]

Which substance is contained in Platelets?[a]Thromboplastin

[/qdeck]

Reproductive deck [qdeck]

[q]

Meiosis – define[a]This process forms the creation of a haploid cell (gamete) containing 23 chromosomes.

[q]

Mitosis – define[a]This process forms the creation of a diploid cell (body cell) containing 46 chromosomes.

[q]

Ovum – define[a]This term describes the female gamete.

[q]

Sperm – define[a]This term describes the male gamete.

[q]

Male sex organs – list structures[a]testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra & penis.

[q]

Male accessory sex glands – list[a]seminal vesicle, prostate & Cowper’s gland

[q]

Testes – define[a]This term describes the male gonads.

[q]

Spermatogenesis & production of testosterone occurs where?[a] testes.

[q]

Seminiferous tubules – function[a]In this structure sperm are produced.

[q]

Sperm mature & learn to swim – where[a]epididymis.

[q]

Vas deferens – define[a]This is the structure are where sperm are stored and moved from the tesetes to the ejaculatory duct.

[q]

Prostate gland – Pathology[a]This gland can become enlarged causing difficulty in urination.

[q]

Seminal vesicles, prostate & Cowper’s gland – function[a]These glands make additional fluid to complete formation of semen.

[q]

Oogenesis – define[a]This term describes the maturation of oocytes/ova.

[q]

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -function[a]This hormone stimulates maturation of ovum within follicle & releases estrogen.

[q]

Lutenizing Hormone (LT) – function[a]This hormone stimulates ovulation & creation of corpus luteum.

[q]

Corpus luteum – function[a]This structure makes progesterone and estrogen.

[q]

Progesterone – function[a]This hormone causes buildup of the endometrium & breast tissue.

[q]

Fallopian tube – function[a]Through this structure does the ovum travel to the uterus.

[q]

Zygote – define[a]This term describes a fertilized egg.

[q]

Endometrium – define[a]This structure provides nourishment to the placenta.

[q]

Fimbriae – define[a]This structure guides the ovum to the fallopian tube.

[q]

Female reproductive organs – list[a]ovary, fimbriae, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix & vagina.

[q]

Fertilization – define[a]This process occurs when ovum and sperm join together to form a zygote.

[q]

What goes on in the Fallopian tube?[a]hanky panky (fertilization)

[/qdeck]

Reproductive deck reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which process forms the creation of a haploid cell (gamete) containing 23 chromosomes?[a]Meiosis

[q]

Which process forms the creation of a diploid cell (body cell) containing 46 chromosomes?[a]Mitosis

[q]

Which term describes the female gamete?[a]Ovum

[q]

Which term describes the male gamete?[a]Sperm

[q]

Which type of organs include: seminal vesicle, prostate & Cowper’s gland?[a]Male accessory sex glands

[q]

What is the name for the male gonads?[a]Testes

[q]

Describe the functions of testes.[a]Spermatogenesis & production of testosterone

[q]

In which structures are sperm produced?[a]Seminiferous tubules

[q]

Which processes do sperm undergo in the epididymis?[a]Sperm mature & learn to swim

[q]

In which structure are sperm stored and moved?[a]Vas deferens

[q]

Which gland can become enlarged causing difficulty in urination?[a]Prostate gland

[q]

Which glands make additional fluid to complete formation of semen?[a]Seminal vesicles, prostate & Cowper’s gland

[q]

Which term describes the maturation of oocytes/ova?[a]Oogenesis

[q]

Which hormone stimulates maturation of ovum within follicle & releases estrogen?[a]Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

[q]

Which hormone stimulates ovulation & creation of corpus luteum?[a]Lutenizing Hormone (LT)

[q]

Which structure stimulates production of progesterone?[a]Corpus luteum

[q]

Which hormone causes buildup of the endometrium & breast tissue?[a]Progesterone

[q]

Through which structure does the ovum travel to the uterus?[a]Fallopian tube

[q]

Which term describes a fertilized egg?[a]Zygote

[q]

Which structure provides nourishment to the placenta?[a]Endometrium

[q]

Which structure guides the ovum to the fallopian tube?[a]Fimbriae

[q]

Which type of organs are these: ovary, fimbriae, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix & vagina?[a]Female reproductive organs

[q]

What is the event where the ovum and sperm join together to form a zygote?[a]Fertilization

[q]

In which stucture does fertilization occur?[a] Fallopian tube.

[/qdeck]

Heart 1 [qdeck]

[q]

What is in the Mediastinum?[a]heart

[q]

Right side of the heart – function[a]This side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

[q]

Left side of the heart – function[a]This side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

[q]

Pericardium contains what?[a]the heart.

[q]

Epicardium – aka[a]visceral pericardium.

[q]

Outermost layer of pericardium is the?[a]fibrous percardium.

[q]

Parietal pericardium – define[a]This structure composes the inner layer of fibrous pericardium, a serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid into Pericardial cavity.

[q]

Visceral pericardium – define[a]This structure is a serous membrane and composes the outermost layer of the heart wall.

[q]

What organ is in the pericardial cavity?[a]the heart.

[q]

Myocardium – composition[a]This structure is composed of cardiac myocytes and forms the bulk of the heart.

[q]

Endocardium – composition[a]This structure is composed of endothelial cells (squamous epithelium) and lines the inner chambers of the heart

[q]

Pericardium & Heart Wall – list layers superficial to deep.[a]1.Fibrous pericardium, 2.Parietal pericardium, 3.Pericardial space, 4.Visceral pericardium/Epicardium, 5.Myocardium, 6.Endocardium

[q]

Pericardium – function[a]This structure reduces friction against surrounding structures as heart expands and contracts.

[q]

Atria – function[a]These chambers receive blood from the body.

[q]

Ventricles – function[a]These chambers pump blood out of the heart.

[q]

Right atrium – function[a]This chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation.

[q]

Left atrium – function[a]This chamber receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation.

[q]

Right ventricle – function[a]This chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs.

[q]

Left ventricle – function[a]This chamber receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body.

[q]

Pulmonary Circuit – define[a]This circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs, where deoxygenated blood receives O2 and discards CO2.

[q]

Systemic Circuit – define[a]This circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the rest of the tissues in the body and back again.

[q]

Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Coronary Sinus – drain blood into the…[a]right atrium.

[q]

2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins drain blood into…[a]the left atrium.

[q]

Pulmonary trunk caries blood out of…[a]the right ventricle.

[q]

Aorta caries blood out of…[a]the left ventricle.

[q]

Pulmonary Circuit – route[a]Blood flows from the heart to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to heart.

[q]

Systemic Circuit – route[a]Blood that flows from the heart to aorta to the whole body to SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus to heart.

[q]

The right side of the heart contains what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood

[q]

The left side of the heart contains what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood

[q]

The SVC and IVC contain what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood

[q]

Aorta – contains what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood.

[q]

Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood

[q]

Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood.

[q]

Heart valves – function[a]These structures prevent blood from flowing backwards by closing if blood flows the wrong way.

[q]

Semilunar valves – function[a]These valves prevent backflow into the ventricles.

[q]

Atrioventrivular valves – function[a]These valves prevent backflow into the atria.

[q]

Mitral valve aka[a]Bicuspid valve aka

[q]

Right atrioventricular valve aka[a]Tricuspid valve aka

[/qdeck]

Heart 1 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Tricuspid valve aka[a]Right atrioventricular valve

[q]

Bicuspid valve aka[a]Mitral valve

[q]

Which valves prevent backflow into the atria?[a]Atrioventrivular valves

[q]

Which valves prevent backflow into the ventricles?[a]Semilunar valves

[q]

Which structures prevent blood from flowing backwards by closing if blood flows the wrong way?[a]Heart valves

[q]

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?[a]Pulmonary arteries

[q]

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?[a]Pulmonary veins

[q]

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?[a]Aorta

[q]

Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?[a]The SVC and IVC

[q]

On which side of the heart is oxygenated blood located?[a]The left side

[q]

On which side of the heart is deoxygenated blood located?[a]The right side

[q]

Blood that flows from the heart to aorta to the whole body to SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus to heart describes which circuit?[a]Systemic Circuit

[q]

Blood that flows from the heart to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to heart describes which circuit?[a]Pulmonary Circuit

[q]

Which vessel caries blood out of the left ventricle?[a]Aorta

[q]

Which vessels carries blood out of the right ventricle?[a]Pulmonary trunk

[q]

Which vessels carry blood into the left atrium?[a]2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins

[q]

Which vessels carry blood into the right atrium?[a]Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Coronary Sinus

[q]

Which circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the rest of the tissues in the body and back again?[a]Systemic Circuit

[q]

Which circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs, where deoxygenated blood receives O2 and discards CO2?[a]Pulmonary Circuit

[q]

Which chamber receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body?[a]Left ventricle

[q]

Which chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs?[a]Right ventricle

[q]

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation?[a]Left atrium

[q]

Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation?[a]Right atrium

[q]

Which chambers pump blood out of the heart?[a]Ventricles

[q]

Which chambers receive blood from the body?[a]Atria

[q]

Which structure reduces friction against surrounding structures as heart expands and contracts?[a]Pericardium

[q]

Which structure composed of endothelial cells (squamous epithelium) lines the inner chambers of the heart?[a]Endocardium

[q]

Which structure is composed of cardiac myocytes and forms bulk of the heart?[a]Myocardium

[q]

Which cavity encloses the heart?[a]pericardial cavity

[q]

Which structure is a serous membrane and composes the outermost layer of the heart wall?[a]Visceral pericardium

[q]

Which structure makes up the outer layer of the serous pericardium, a serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid into Pericardial cavity?[a]Parietal pericardium

[q]

Which layer does the fibrous percardium form?[a]Outermost layer of pericardium

[q]

visceral pericardium aka[a]Epicardium

[q]

Which structure contains the heart?[a]Pericardium

[q]

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body?[a]Left side of the heart

[q]

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs?[a]Right side of the heart

[q]

Where is the heart located?[a]Mediastinum

[/qdeck]

Heart 2 [qdeck]

[q]

Semilunar valves have how many flaps?[a]3 flaps

[q]

Papillary muscles – function[a]These heart structures prevent valvular prolapse.

[q]

What contracts during ventricular systole besides the ventricles?[a]papillary muscles

[q]

Chordae tendonae – location[a]in the ventricles between the papillary muscles and the leaves of the valves

[q]

Valvular insufficiency – define[a]a heart murmur or valvular prolapse where valves do not close completely.

[q]

Valvular stenosis – define[a]A condition where valves don’t open completely.

[q]

“Lub” sound – define[a]Sound caused by the closing of the AV valves.

[q]

“Dup” sound – define[a]Sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves.

[q]

Systole – define[a]This is the contraction of a heart chamber.

[q]

Diastole – define[a]the relaxation of a heart chamber.

[q]

“Lub” sound – occurs during what stage of a heart beat?[a]Beginning of ventricular systole.

[q]

“Dup” sound – occurs during what stage of a heart beat?[a]Beginning of ventricular diastole.

[q]

Myocyte – define[a]a heart cell.

[q]

Functional syncytium – define[a]all myocytes contract together.

[q]

Myogenic – define[a]a self stimulating cell

[q]

The Cardiac Conduction System – define[a]A system composed of nodal tissue that causes the heart to beat.

[q]

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – location[a]upper wall of right atrium

[q]

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) – location[a]floor of right atrium or at the base of the interatrial septum

[q]

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) – function[a]receives the action potential from the SA node

[q]

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – function[a]Generates the sinus rhythm considered to be the basic heart rate

[q]

Cardiac skeleton – define[a]This is the fibrous CT which supports myocardium, forms a thick insulating wall between atria and ventricles, and keeps ventricles from contracting prematurely.

[q]

Atrioventricular bundle – aka[a]Bundle of His.

[q]

Bundle of His – define[a]This structure carries the action potential across cardiac skeleton into interventricular septum & splits into Left/Right Bundle branches.

[q]

Purkinje fibers – define[a]These heart fibers carry action potential from the apex of the heart to the myocardium causing the ventricles to contract.

[q]

Vagus nerve – effect on heart rate[a]decreases heart rate via the Parasympathetic NS.

[q]

Cardiac nerve – effect on heart rate[a]increases heart rate via the Sympathetic NS.

[q]

Sino – atrial (SA) node – rhythm[a]72 beats per minute (BPM).

[q]

Cardiac cycle – define[a]This cycle is composed of Atrial systole and diastole & Ventricular systole and diastole.

[q]

If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .1 sec long?[a]atrial systole

[q]

If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .3 sec long?[a]ventricular systole

[q]

If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .7 sec long?[a]atrial diastole

[q]

If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .5 sec long?[a]ventricular diastole

[q]

If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .8 sec long?[a]The whole cardiac cycle.

[q]

Atrial systole – define[a]This is the first part of a heart beat.

[q]

Cardiac Output (CO) – define[a]This is the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute.

[q]

Stroke Rate (SR) – define[a]number of beats per minute.

[q]

Stroke Volume (SV) – define[a]the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

[q]

What is this equation? SR x SV = CO[a]the equation for Cardiac Output.

[/qdeck]

Heart 2 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

What is the equation for Cardiac Output?[a]SR x SV = CO

[q]

Which term describes the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat?[a]Stroke Volume (SV)

[q]

Which term describes the number of beats per minute?[a]Stroke Rate (SR)

[q]

Which term describes the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute?[a]Cardiac Output (CO)

[q]

What is the first part of a heart beat?[a]Atrial systole

[q]

What is the duration of the full cardiac cycle with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].8 sec long

[q]

What is the duration of ventricular diastole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].5 sec long

[q]

What is the duration of atrial diastole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].7 sec long

[q]

What is the duration of ventricular systole with a heart rate of 72 BPM? [a].3 sec long

[q]

What is the duration of atrial systole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].1 sec

[q]

Which cycle is composed of Atrial systole, diastole & Ventricular systole, diastole? [a]Cardiac cycle

[q]

Which heart structure has a rhythm of 72 beats per minute (BPM)?[a]Sino atrial node

[q]

Which nerve increases heart rate via the Sympathetic NS?[a]Cardiac nerve

[q]

Which nerve decreases heart rate via the Parasympathetic NS?[a]Vagus nerve

[q]

Which heart fibers carry action potential from the apex of the heart to the myocardium causing the ventricles to contract?[a]Purkinje fibers

[q]

Which structure carries the action potential across cardiac skeleton into interventricular septum & splits into Left/Right Bundle branches?[a]Bundle of His

[q]

Which is another term for the Bundle of His?[a]Atrioventricular bundle

[q]

Which term describes the fibrous CT which supports myocardium, forms a thick insulating wall between atria and ventricles and keeps ventricles from contracting prematurely?[a]Cardiac skeleton

[q]

Which node generates the sinus rhythm considered to be the basic heart rate?[a]Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

[q]

Which conduction node receives the action potential from the SA node?[a]Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

[q]

Which conduction node is located in floor of right atrium or at the base of the interatrial septum?[a]Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

[q]

Which conduction node is located in the wall of the right atrium?[a]Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

[q]

Which system causes the heart to beat?[a]The Cardiac Conduction System

[q]

What is the term for a self stimulating cell?[a]Myogenic

[q]

What term describes when all myocytes contract together?[a]Functional syncytium

[q]

What is the name of a heart cell?[a]Myocyte

[q]

Which heart sound do you hear at the beginning of ventricular diastole?[a]”Dup” sound

[q]

Which heart sound do you hear at the beginning of ventricular systole?[a]”Lub” sound

[q]

Which term describes the relaxation of a heart chamber?[a]Diastole

[q]

Which term describes the contraction of a heart chamber?[a]Systole

[q]

Which sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves?[a]”Dup” sound

[q]

Which sound is caused by the closing of the AV valves?[a]”Lub” sound

[q]

Which term describes a condition where valves don’t open completely?[a]Valvular stenosis

[q]

Which term describes a heart murmur or valvular prolapse?[a]Valvular insufficiency

[q]

Which heart structures are located in the ventricles?[a]Chordae tendonae and paillary muscles

[q]

When do the papillary muscles contract?[a]ventricular systole

[q]

Which heart structures prevents valvular prolapse?[a]Papillary muscles and chordae tendonae

[q]

Which valves have 3 flaps?[a]Semilunar valves, and the tricuspid.

[/qdeck]

Heart 3 [qdeck]

[q]

Preload – define[a]This is the amount of blood filling the heart before systole.

[q]

Afterload – define[a]This is the amount of pressure exerted by arterial blood, which must be overcome by left ventricle to force more blood into the aorta.

[q]

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume – list[a]preload, venous return and afterload

[q]

Positive Inotropic Agents – define[a]These chemical agents strengthen the contractile power of the heart

[q]

Negative Inotropic Agents – define[a]These chemical agents weaken the contractile power of the heart

[q]

Positive Inotropic Agents – list[a]epinephrine, NE, glucagon, thyroid hormone, dopamine & digitalis

[q]

Negative Inotropic Agents – list[a]Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Acidosis, Excess extracellular potassium, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers

[q]

List the factors that effect the Stroke Rate[a]ANS, chemicals, age, gender, fitness level and body size

[q]

Starling’s Law – define[a]This rule states that an increase in venous return will cause an increase in cardiac output (CO)

[q]

Increased resting heart rate – causes[a]increased temperature, small body size and low level of fitness

[q]

Decreased resting heart rate – caused by[a]large body size, high level of fitness, decreased temperature

[q]

Baroreceptors & chemreceptors – define[a]These receptors are found in carotid and aortic artery reflexes as well as the atrium reflex

[q]

Blood pressure reflex centers – location[a]medulla

[q]

Vagus N & Glossopharyngeal N – function[a]These nerves carry information to the cardiac centers

[q]

Vagus N and Cardiac N – function[a]These nerves carry motor commands to the heart.

[q]

What is the Aortic reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to systemic high blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decrease in heart rate.

[q]

What is the Right heart reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart rate.

[q]

What is the Carotid reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to high blood pressure in the head by causing vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate.

[q]

What is the Aortic reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate.

[q]

What is the Right heart reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing decrease in heart rate.

[q]

What is the Carotid reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure in the head by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate.

[q]

What is the body’s response to hypoxia or hypercapnia?[a]vasoconstriction and an increase in heart & breathing rate

[q]

Hypercapnia – define[a]too much CO2 in the blood

[q]

Hypoxia – define[a]too little O2 in the blood

[q]

Acidosis – define[a]a low blood pH

[q]

What is a 120/80 reading mean?[a]normal blood pressure for a body at rest

[q]

The Phrenic nerve is used in what reflexes?[a]This nerve is activated in heart reflexes that affect breathing.

[q]

Systolic pressure – define[a]blood pressure when ventricles are contracting

[q]

Diastolic pressure – define[a]blood pressure when ventricles are relaxing

[q]

What is the formula for Blood Pressure?[a] Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance

[q]

Viscosity – define[a]thickness of blood

[q]

What contributes to Systemic Vascular Resistance?[a]blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, vessel diameter & smoothness of endothelial lining.

[q]

What is the BP in arteries compared to other vessels?[a]highest

[q]

What is the BP in veins compared to other vessels?[a]lowest

[q]

What is the Velocity in arteries compared to other vessels?[a]highest

[q]

What is the Velocity in capillaries compared to other vessels?[a]lowest

[q]

Angina pectoris – define[a]chest pain due to myocardial ischemia

[q]

When the body is at rest (72 bpm), what part of the cardiac cycle is .4 sec long?[a]diastasis (all four chambers at rest)

[/qdeck]

Heart 3 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

When the body is at rest(72 bpm), how long are all four chambers in diastole?[a] .4 sec

[q]

Which term describes chest pain due to myocardial ischemia?[a]Angina pectoris

[q]

In which vessels in the CV system is blood velocity lowest?[a]Velocity in capillaries

[q]

In which vessels in the CV system is blood velocity highest?[a]Velocity in arteries

[q]

In which vessels in the CV system is blood pressure lowest?[a]BP in veins

[q]

In which vessels in the CV system is blood pressure highest?[a]BP in arteries

[q]

Which term describes the effect of blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, vessel diameter & smoothness of endothelial lining?[a] Systemic Vascular Resistance

[q]

Which term describes thickness of blood?[a]Viscosity

[q]

Which blood quality is measured by Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance?[a]Blood Pressure

[q]

Which term describes blood pressure when ventricles are relaxing?[a]Diastolic pressure

[q]

Which term describes blood pressure when ventricles are contracting?[a]Systolic pressure

[q]

Which nerve is activated in heart reflexes that affect breathing?[a]The Phrenic nerve

[q]

What is considered to be normal blood pressure for a body at rest?[a]120/80

[q]

Which condition describes a low blood pH?[a]Acidosis

[q]

Which condition describes too little O2 in the blood?[a]Hypoxia

[q]

Which condition describes too much CO2 in the blood?[a]Hypercapnia

[q]

Which blood chemistry conditions cause the vasoconstriction and an increase in heart & breathing rate?[a]WThis is the body’s response to hypoxia or hypercapnia.

[q]

Which reflex responds to low blood pressure in the head by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate?[a]Carotid reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing decrease in heart rate?[a]Right heart reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate?[a]Aortic

[q]

Which reflex responds to high blood pressure in the head by causing vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate?[a]Carotid reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart rate?[a]Right heart reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to systemic high blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decrease in heart rate?[a]Aortic reflex

[q]

Which nerves carry motor commands to the heart?[a]Vagus N and Cardiac N

[q]

Which nerves carry sensory information to the cardiac centers?[a]Vagus N & Glossopharyngeal N

[q]

Which cardiac reflexe centers are contained in the medulla?[a]Blood pressure reflex centers

[q]

Which type of receptors are found in carotid and aortic artery reflexes as well as the atrium reflex?[a]Baroreceptors & chemreceptors

[q]

Which effect do the following have on resting heart rate: large body size, high level of fitness, decreased temperature?[a]Decreased resting heart rate

[q]

Which effect do the following have on resting heart rate: increased temperature, small body size and low level of fitness?[a]Increased resting heart rate

[q]

Which rule states that an increase in venous return will cause an increase in cardiac output (CO)?[a]Starling’s Law

[q]

Which heart function (SR or SV) do the following factors effect: ANS, chemicals, age, gender, fitness level and body size?[a]Stroke Rate

[q]

Which Inotropic agents include: Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Acidosis, Excess extracellular potassium, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers?[a]Negative Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which Inotropic agents include: epinephrine, NE, glucagon, thyroid hormone, dopamine & digitalis?[a]Positive Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which chemical agents weaken the contractile power of the heart?[a]Negative Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which chemical agents strengthen the contractile power of the heart?[a]Positive Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which factors do preload, venous return and afterload contribute to?[a]Stroke Volume

[q]

Which term describes the amount of pressure exerted by arterial blood, which must be overcome by left ventricle to force more blood into the aorta?[a]Afterload

[q]

Which term describes the amount of blood filling the heart before systole?[a]Preload

[/qdeck]