[qdeck]

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HEMATOLOGY – define[a] This term describes the study of blood.

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BLOOD – define[a]This term describes a liquid connective tissue composed of cells and fluid.

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BLOOD – functions[a]TRANSPORTATION, REGULATION, PROTECTION inside the body.

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Body temperature & pH are regulated by what tissue?[a]blood.

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Plasma – percentage of blood[a] 55% of blood.

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Blood cells – percentage of blood[a] 45% of blood.

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7.35 – 7.45 That’s not lotto, but what is it?[a] This is the normal range of pH in blood.

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Water – percentage of plasma[a]Water composes 91% of plasma.

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Proteins – percentage of plasma[a] Proteins are 7% of plasma.

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Solutes – percentage of plasma[a]Solutes are 2% of plasma.

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Albumins, globulins & clotting proteins – define[a]These proteins are collectively known as plasma proteins.

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ALBUMIN – function[a]This substances creates COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE.

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GLOBULINS – function[a]These plasma proteins fight antigens.

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CLOTTING PROTEINS – list[a] PROTHROMBIN and FIBRINOGEN.

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Hemostasis – define[a]This term describes blood clotting.

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Suspension – define[a]This is how blood cells are carried in the bloodstream.

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Solutes – define[a]Materials dissolved in blood plasma.

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What cell lives about 120 days?[a] RBCs.

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How fast are RBC’s produced?[a] 2 million/sec- rate of cell production/destruction.

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THROMBOCYTES aka[a]platelets.

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LEUKOCYTES – aka[a]WBC’s

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ERYTHROCYTES – aka[a] red blood cells

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ERYTHROCYTES – describe[a]Very small, non nucleated cells filled with hemoglobin.

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HEMOGLOBIN – define[a]an oxygen carryting protein molecule with 4 atoms of iron embedded in it.

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HEMOPOIESIS – define[a]This term describes blood cell production.

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Red bone marrow – function[a]This tissue is the site of HEMOPOIESIS.

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Yellow bone marrow – function[a]In this type of marrow fat is stored.

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MYELOID TISSUE – define[a]This term describes bone marrow.

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LYMPHOID TISSUES – list[a] marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymph vessels.

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VASCULAR SPASM – define[a]This term describes how blood vessel injury causes constriction.

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[qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes the study of blood?[a]HEMATOLOGY

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Which term describes a liquid connective tissue composed of cells and fluid?[a]BLOOD

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Which substances are carried in blood?[a]Oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, Ca++, Na+, K+, water, uric acid, ammonia & urea

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Which homeostatic systems are regulated by blood?[a]Body temperature & pH

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Which substance composes 55% of blood?[a]Plasma

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Which substance composes 45% of blood?[a]Blood cells

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What is the normal range of pH in blood?[a]7.35 – 7.45

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Which substance composes 91% of plasma?[a]Water

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Which substances make up 7% of plasma?[a]Proteins

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Which substances make ups 2% of plasma?[a]Solutes

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Which solutes are carried in blood?[a]ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS, GASES, WASTES, HORMONES, ENZYMES & VITAMINS

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Which proteins are collectively known as plasma proteins?[a]Albumins, globulins & clotting proteins

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Which substances creates COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE?[a]ALBUMINS

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Which plasma proteins fight antigens?[a]GLOBULINS

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What are PROTHROMBIN and FIBRINOGEN?[a]CLOTTING PROTEINS

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Which term describes blood clotting?[a]Hemostasis

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How are blood cells carried in blood?[a]Suspension

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What is dissolved in blood?[a]Solutes

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How many RBC are there in 1 mm of blood?[a]5 million/mm

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How many WBC are there in 1 mm of blood?[a]5000 to 9000/mm

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How many Platelets are there in 1 mm of blood?[a]150000 – 350000 per cubic mm

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What is the lifespan of RBCs?[a]120 days

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What is the lifespan of WBCs?[a]Variable lifespan, hours to years

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How quickly are RBC produced and destroyed?[a]2 million/sec- rate of cell production/destruction.

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Which term describes platelets?[a]THROMBOCYTES

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White blood cells aka[a]LEUKOCYTES

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red blood cells aka[a]ERYTHROCYTES

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Which cells are very small, non nucleated, and filled with hemoglobin?[a]ERYTHROCYTES

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Which structure consists of a protein molecule with 4 atoms of iron embedded in it?[a]HEMOGLOBIN

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Which term describes blood cell production?[a]HEMOPOIESIS

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Which tissue is the site of HEMOPOIESIS[a]Red bone marrow

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In which type of marrow is fat stored?[a]Yellow bone marrow

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Which term describes bone marrow?[a]MYELOID TISSUE

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Which term describes how blood vessel injury causes constriction?[a]VASCULAR SPASM

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RBCs – shape[a]These cells have a small biconcave shape.

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RBCs – function[a]These Cells takes care of gas transport and exchange.

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ERYTHROPOIESIS – define[a]production of RBCs

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HEMATOCRIT – define[a]This is the percent of whole blood that is composed of RBC’s.

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ANEMIA – define[a]This is a lower than normal hematocrit.

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What are the causes of ANEMIA?[a]Caused by genes(sickle cell) diet auto-immune disease hemorrhage radiation or chemotherapy.

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LEUKOCYTES – function[a]These cells search for and destroy foreign invaders.

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Sinusoids of the liver and spleen – function[a]This is where old blood cells are broken down?

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DIAPEDISIS – define[a]This is the OOZING or SQUEEZING of fluid though blood vessel walls into interstitial spaces.

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AMEBOID MOTION – define[a]This is how WBC’s swim through connective and interstitial tissues.

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CHEMOTAXIS – define[a]This is how WBCs respond to CHEMICALS being given off by dying cells. (they act like blood hounds)

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PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS – define[a]This is how WBC’s envelop a solid or a liquid.

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GRANULOCYTES – describe[a]These WBC’s have granules containing chemicals.

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GRANULOCYTES – list[a]NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS.

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NEUTROPHILS contain what chemical in their granules?[a]LYSOZYME to destroy bacteria and other cooties.

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EOSINOPHILS contain what chemical in their granules?[a]Which type of cells contain ANTIHISTAMINES?

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BASOPHILS contain what chemical in their granules?[a]Which type of cells contain histamine heparin and serotonin?

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HISTAMINES – function[a]These enhances inflammation.

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NEUTROPHILS – function[a]These phagocytotic & mobile cells are the FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against invading microbes.

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NEUTROPHILS are what percentage of WBC’s?[a]70%

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EOSINOPHILS – function[a]These cells reduce inflammation eat antigen-antibody complexes as well as certain worms.

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BASOPHILS – function[a]These cells enhance inflammation and can become mast cells.

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AGRANULOCYTES – describe[a]These cells have no chemically filled granules.

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LYMPHOCYTES – define[a]These cells are part of the IMMUNE system are created in red bone marrow & MATURE in lymphatic tissue.

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ANTIGENS – define[a]This is a foreign cell or molecule triggering the generation of antibodies.

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T-LYMPHOCYTES – function[a]These cells attack antigens and infected body cells

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B-LYMPHOCYTES – function[a]These cells produce antibodies to destroy or disable antigens.

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NATURAL KILLER CELLS – function[a]These cells attack abnormal body cells.

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Memory B and T cells – lifespan/function[a]Which type of cells stay in the body for years and protect against repeated exposure to a given antigen.

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Antibodies – define[a]These proteins are made by Plasma B cells to attack antigens.

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Immunity – define[a]This is the body’s ability to recognize and fight against a re-infection of disease.

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Resistance – define[a]This is the body’s ability to fight disease regardless of previous exposure.

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MONOCYTES – define[a]THESE cells are very large PHAGOCYTIC immune cells (macrophages).

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WANDERING MACROPHAGES – define[a]These cells travel through connective tissues cleaning up debris and attacking antigens.

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FIXED MACROPHAGES – define[a]These cells stay in the liver spleen lungs and CNS to clean up debris and attack invaders.

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Which type of cells cling to sinusoids in the liver and spleen and removed dust in the lungs?[a]FIXED MACROPHAGES

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Which type of cells travel through connective tissues cleaning up debris and attacking antigens?[a]WANDERING MACROPHAGES

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Which type of cells are very large PHAGOCYTIC immune cells (macrophages)?[a]MONOCYTE

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Which term describes the body’s ability to fight disease regardless of previous exposure?[a]Resistance

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Which term describes the body’s ability to recognize and fight against a re-infection of disease?[a]Immunity

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Which type of proteins are made by Plasma B cells to attack antigens?[a]Antibodies

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Which type of cells stay in the body for years and protect against repeated exposure to a given antigen?[a]Memory B and T cells

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Which type of cells attack abnormal body cells?[a]NATURAL KILLER CELLS

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Which type of cells produce antibodies to destroy or disable antigens?[a]B-LYMPHOCYTES

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Which type of cells attack antigens and infected body cells?[a]T-LYMPHOCYTES

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What is a foreign cell or molecule?[a]ANTIGENS

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Which type of cells are part of the IMMUNE system?[a]LYMPHOCYTE

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Which type of cells have no chemically filled granules, are born in red bone marrow & MATURE in lymphatic tissue?[a]AGRANULOCYTES

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Which type of cells ENHANCE inflammation?[a]BASOPHILS

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Which type of cells can become mast cells?[a]BASOPHILS

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Which type of cells reduce inflammation, eat antigen-antibody complexes as well as certain worms?[a]EOSINOPHILS

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Which type of cells compose 70% of the granulocytes?[a]NEUTROPHILS

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Which type of phagocytotic & mobile cells are the FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE against invading microbes?[a]NEUTROPHILS

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Which chemical enhances inflammation?[a]HISTAMINES

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Which type of cells contain histamine, heparin and serotonin?[a]BASOPHILS

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Which type of cells contain ANTIHISTAMINES?[a]EOSINOPHILS

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Which type of cells contain LYSOZYME to destroy bacteria and other cooties?[a]NEUTROPHILS

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Which type of WBC’s include: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS?[a]GRANULOCYTES

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Which type of WBC’s have granules containing chemicals?[a]GRANULOCYTES

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Which term describes how WBC’s envelop a solid or a liquid?[a]PHAGOCYTOSIS & PINOCYTOSIS

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Which term describes how WBCs respond to CHEMICALS being given off by dying cells? (they act like blood hounds)[a]CHEMOTAXIS

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Which term describes how WBC’s swim through connective and interstitial tissues?[a]AMEBOID MOTION

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Which term describes the OOZING or SQUEEZING of fluid though blood vessel walls into interstitial spaces?[a]DIAPEDISIS

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In which structures are old blood cells broken down?[a]Sinusoids of the liver and spleen – function

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Which cells search for and destroy foreign invaders?[a]LEUKOCYTES

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Which blood condition can be caused by genes(sickle cell), diet, auto-immune disease, hemorrhage, radiation or chemotherapy?[a]ANEMIA

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Which term describes a lower than normal hematocrit?[a]ANEMIA

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Which term describes the percent of whole blood that is composed of RBC’s?[a]HEMATOCRIT

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Which term describes the production RBCs?[a]ERYTHROPOIESIS

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

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Thromboplastin is carried by[a]Platelets

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Hemostasis – define[a]This is the body’s ability to stop bleeding.

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Vascular Spasm – define[a]Vessel injury causes thrombocytes to release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction.

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Platelet plug formation – define[a]This process occurs when RBCs and platelets form a plug to fill up a hole in a vessel.

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Coagulation – define[a]This process is a series of chemical reactions resulting in a blood clot.

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Clot retraction – define[a]In this process platelets SHRINK and PULL the ends of the clot INWARD to make the original hole SMALLER.

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Thromboplastin – define[a]This enzyme turns prothrombin into THROMBIN.

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Thrombin – define[a]This enzyme turns fibrinogen into FIBRIN.

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A wad of fibrin and RBC’s make up what?[a]a blood clot

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Prothrombin & fibrinogen – produced by[a]These enzymes are made by the liver to promote clotting.

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Serum – define[a]This is blood plasma WITHOUT the clotting proteins FIBRINOGEN and PROTHROMBIN. It seeps through scabs.

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Thrombus – define[a]This is a stationary clot in an UNRUPTURED vessel.

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Embolis – define[a]This is a FREE FLOATING body in the bloodstream including clots, loose plaques or fat globules.

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Embolism – define[a]This is an embolus that gets stuck.

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Agglutinogens – define[a]These are markers on the RBC’s, denoted as A, B, or + for Rh.

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Agglutinins – define[a]These are the antibodies the body makes to fight off foreign blood types.

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List the markers on a Type A+ blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen A and the Rh factor.

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List the markers on a Type A- blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen A and not the Rh factor.

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List the markers on a Type B- blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen B and not the Rh factor.

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List the markers on a Type AB+ cell. [a]Agglutinogen A, B and the Rh factor.

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List the markers on a Type O+ blood cell.[a]Agglutinogen for the Rh factor only.

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List the markers on a Type O- blood cell.[a]There are no agglutinogens on O-.

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Type A+ recipient can receive blood from?[a]Type A+, A-, O+ and O- for transfusion.

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Type A- recipient can receive blood from?[a]Type A-, and O- for transfusion.

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Type B+ recipient can receive blood from?[a]Type B+, B-, O+ and O- for transfusion.

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Type O- recipient can receive blood from[a]Type O- only for transfusion.

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Type AB+ recipient can receive blood from[a]Type A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O- for transfusion. It is the universal recipient.

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Type AB- recipient can receive blood from[a]Type B-, A-, AB- and O- for transfusion.

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Type O- is known as[a]universal donor.

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Type AB+ is known as[a]universal recipient.

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Type O- can be given to[a]type AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O- and O+ for transfusion.

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An Rh- mother is dangerous to[a]To an Rh+ fetus if she has given birth to a Rh+ baby already.

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Which blood type in a mother might cause damage to a Rh+ fetus?[a]An Rh- mother

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Which blood type is acceptable to give to AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O- and O+ for transfusion?[a]Type O-

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Which blood type is known as is the universal recipient?[a]Type AB+

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Which blood type is known as the universal donor[a]Type O-

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Which blood type requires Donor to be type B-, A-, AB- and O- for transfusion?[a]Type AB-

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Which blood type requires Donor to be type A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ and O- for transfusion?[a]Type AB+

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Which blood type requires Donor to be type O- for transfusion?[a]Type O-

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Which blood type requires Donor to be type B+, B-, O+ and O- for transfusion?[a]Type B+

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Which blood type requires the donor to be type A-, and O- for transfusion?[a]Type A-

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Which blood type requires the donor to be type A+, A-, O+ and O- for transfusion?[a]Type A+

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Which blood type has no agglutinogens?[a]Type O blood cell.

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Which blood type has agglutinogen for the Rh factor only?[a]Type O+ blood cell.

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Which blood type has agglutinogen A, B and the Rh factor?[a]Type AB+ cell.

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Which blood type has agglutinogen B and not the Rh factor?[a]Type B- blood cell.

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Which blood type has agglutinogen A and not the Rh factor?[a]Type A- blood cell.

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Which blood type has agglutinogen A and the Rh factor?[a]Type A+ blood cell.

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Which terms describes the antibodies the body makes to fight off foreign blood types?[a]Agglutinins

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Which terms describes the markers on the RBC’s?[a]Agglutinogens

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Which terms describes an embolus that gets stuck?[a]Embolism

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Which terms describes FREE FLOATING bodies in blood including clots, loose plaque or fat globules?[a]Embolis

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Which term describes a stationary clot in an UNRUPTURED vessel?[a]Thrombus

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Which terms describes blood plasma WITHOUT the clotting proteins FIBRINOGEN and PROTHROMBIN? It seeps through scabs.[a]Serum

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Which enzymes does the liver make to promote clotting?[a]Prothrombin & fibrinogen

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What are blood clots made of?[a]A wad Fibrin and RBC’s.

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Which enzyme turns fibrinogen into FIBRIN?[a]Thrombin

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Which enzyme turns prothrombin into THROMBIN?[a]Thromboplastin

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In which process do platelets SHRINK, PULL the ends of the clot INWARD & make the original hole SMALLER?[a]Clot retraction

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Which process is a series of chemical reactions resulting in a blood clot?[a]Coagulation

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Which process occurs when RBCs and platelets form a plug to fill up a hole in a vessel?[a]Platelet plug formation

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Which process occurs when vessel injury causes thrombocytes to release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction?[a]Vascular Spasm

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Which term describes the body’s ability to stop bleeding?[a]Hemostasis

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Which substance is contained in Platelets?[a]Thromboplastin

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

Meiosis – define[a]This process forms the creation of a haploid cell (gamete) containing 23 chromosomes.

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Mitosis – define[a]This process forms the creation of a diploid cell (body cell) containing 46 chromosomes.

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Ovum – define[a]This term describes the female gamete.

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Sperm – define[a]This term describes the male gamete.

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Male sex organs – list structures[a]testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra & penis.

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Male accessory sex glands – list[a]seminal vesicle, prostate & Cowper’s gland

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Testes – define[a]This term describes the male gonads.

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Spermatogenesis & production of testosterone occurs where?[a] testes.

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Seminiferous tubules – function[a]In this structure sperm are produced.

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Sperm mature & learn to swim – where[a]epididymis.

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Vas deferens – define[a]This is the structure are where sperm are stored and moved from the tesetes to the ejaculatory duct.

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Prostate gland – Pathology[a]This gland can become enlarged causing difficulty in urination.

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Seminal vesicles, prostate & Cowper’s gland – function[a]These glands make additional fluid to complete formation of semen.

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Oogenesis – define[a]This term describes the maturation of oocytes/ova.

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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -function[a]This hormone stimulates maturation of ovum within follicle & releases estrogen.

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Lutenizing Hormone (LT) – function[a]This hormone stimulates ovulation & creation of corpus luteum.

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Corpus luteum – function[a]This structure makes progesterone and estrogen.

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Progesterone – function[a]This hormone causes buildup of the endometrium & breast tissue.

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Fallopian tube – function[a]Through this structure does the ovum travel to the uterus.

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Zygote – define[a]This term describes a fertilized egg.

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Endometrium – define[a]This structure provides nourishment to the placenta.

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Fimbriae – define[a]This structure guides the ovum to the fallopian tube.

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Female reproductive organs – list[a]ovary, fimbriae, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix & vagina.

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Fertilization – define[a]This process occurs when ovum and sperm join together to form a zygote.

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What goes on in the Fallopian tube?[a]hanky panky (fertilization)

[/qdeck]

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Which process forms the creation of a haploid cell (gamete) containing 23 chromosomes?[a]Meiosis

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Which process forms the creation of a diploid cell (body cell) containing 46 chromosomes?[a]Mitosis

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Which term describes the female gamete?[a]Ovum

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Which term describes the male gamete?[a]Sperm

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Which type of organs include: seminal vesicle, prostate & Cowper’s gland?[a]Male accessory sex glands

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What is the name for the male gonads?[a]Testes

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Describe the functions of testes.[a]Spermatogenesis & production of testosterone

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In which structures are sperm produced?[a]Seminiferous tubules

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Which processes do sperm undergo in the epididymis?[a]Sperm mature & learn to swim

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In which structure are sperm stored and moved?[a]Vas deferens

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Which gland can become enlarged causing difficulty in urination?[a]Prostate gland

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Which glands make additional fluid to complete formation of semen?[a]Seminal vesicles, prostate & Cowper’s gland

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Which term describes the maturation of oocytes/ova?[a]Oogenesis

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Which hormone stimulates maturation of ovum within follicle & releases estrogen?[a]Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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Which hormone stimulates ovulation & creation of corpus luteum?[a]Lutenizing Hormone (LT)

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Which structure stimulates production of progesterone?[a]Corpus luteum

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Which hormone causes buildup of the endometrium & breast tissue?[a]Progesterone

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Through which structure does the ovum travel to the uterus?[a]Fallopian tube

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Which term describes a fertilized egg?[a]Zygote

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Which structure provides nourishment to the placenta?[a]Endometrium

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Which structure guides the ovum to the fallopian tube?[a]Fimbriae

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Which type of organs are these: ovary, fimbriae, fallopian tube, uterus, cervix & vagina?[a]Female reproductive organs

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What is the event where the ovum and sperm join together to form a zygote?[a]Fertilization

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In which stucture does fertilization occur?[a] Fallopian tube.

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[qdeck]

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What is in the Mediastinum?[a]heart

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Right side of the heart – function[a]This side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

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Left side of the heart – function[a]This side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

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Pericardium contains what?[a]the heart.

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Epicardium – aka[a]visceral pericardium.

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Outermost layer of pericardium is the?[a]fibrous percardium.

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Parietal pericardium – define[a]This structure composes the inner layer of fibrous pericardium, a serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid into Pericardial cavity.

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Visceral pericardium – define[a]This structure is a serous membrane and composes the outermost layer of the heart wall.

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What organ is in the pericardial cavity?[a]the heart.

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Myocardium – composition[a]This structure is composed of cardiac myocytes and forms the bulk of the heart.

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Endocardium – composition[a]This structure is composed of endothelial cells (squamous epithelium) and lines the inner chambers of the heart

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Pericardium & Heart Wall – list layers superficial to deep.[a]1.Fibrous pericardium, 2.Parietal pericardium, 3.Pericardial space, 4.Visceral pericardium/Epicardium, 5.Myocardium, 6.Endocardium

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Pericardium – function[a]This structure reduces friction against surrounding structures as heart expands and contracts.

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Atria – function[a]These chambers receive blood from the body.

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Ventricles – function[a]These chambers pump blood out of the heart.

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Right atrium – function[a]This chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation.

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Left atrium – function[a]This chamber receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation.

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Right ventricle – function[a]This chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs.

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Left ventricle – function[a]This chamber receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body.

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Pulmonary Circuit – define[a]This circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs, where deoxygenated blood receives O2 and discards CO2.

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Systemic Circuit – define[a]This circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the rest of the tissues in the body and back again.

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Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Coronary Sinus – drain blood into the…[a]right atrium.

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2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins drain blood into…[a]the left atrium.

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Pulmonary trunk caries blood out of…[a]the right ventricle.

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Aorta caries blood out of…[a]the left ventricle.

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Pulmonary Circuit – route[a]Blood flows from the heart to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to heart.

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Systemic Circuit – route[a]Blood that flows from the heart to aorta to the whole body to SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus to heart.

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The right side of the heart contains what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood

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The left side of the heart contains what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood

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The SVC and IVC contain what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood

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Aorta – contains what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood.

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Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood

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Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood.

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Heart valves – function[a]These structures prevent blood from flowing backwards by closing if blood flows the wrong way.

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Semilunar valves – function[a]These valves prevent backflow into the ventricles.

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Atrioventrivular valves – function[a]These valves prevent backflow into the atria.

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Mitral valve aka[a]Bicuspid valve aka

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Right atrioventricular valve aka[a]Tricuspid valve aka

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Tricuspid valve aka[a]Right atrioventricular valve

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Bicuspid valve aka[a]Mitral valve

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Which valves prevent backflow into the atria?[a]Atrioventrivular valves

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Which valves prevent backflow into the ventricles?[a]Semilunar valves

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Which structures prevent blood from flowing backwards by closing if blood flows the wrong way?[a]Heart valves

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Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?[a]Pulmonary arteries

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Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?[a]Pulmonary veins

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Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?[a]Aorta

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Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?[a]The SVC and IVC

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On which side of the heart is oxygenated blood located?[a]The left side

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On which side of the heart is deoxygenated blood located?[a]The right side

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Blood that flows from the heart to aorta to the whole body to SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus to heart describes which circuit?[a]Systemic Circuit

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Blood that flows from the heart to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to heart describes which circuit?[a]Pulmonary Circuit

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Which vessel caries blood out of the left ventricle?[a]Aorta

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Which vessels carries blood out of the right ventricle?[a]Pulmonary trunk

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Which vessels carry blood into the left atrium?[a]2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins

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Which vessels carry blood into the right atrium?[a]Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Coronary Sinus

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Which circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the rest of the tissues in the body and back again?[a]Systemic Circuit

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Which circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs, where deoxygenated blood receives O2 and discards CO2?[a]Pulmonary Circuit

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Which chamber receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body?[a]Left ventricle

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Which chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs?[a]Right ventricle

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Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation?[a]Left atrium

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Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation?[a]Right atrium

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Which chambers pump blood out of the heart?[a]Ventricles

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Which chambers receive blood from the body?[a]Atria

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Which structure reduces friction against surrounding structures as heart expands and contracts?[a]Pericardium

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Which structure composed of endothelial cells (squamous epithelium) lines the inner chambers of the heart?[a]Endocardium

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Which structure is composed of cardiac myocytes and forms bulk of the heart?[a]Myocardium

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Which cavity encloses the heart?[a]pericardial cavity

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Which structure is a serous membrane and composes the outermost layer of the heart wall?[a]Visceral pericardium

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Which structure makes up the outer layer of the serous pericardium, a serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid into Pericardial cavity?[a]Parietal pericardium

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Which layer does the fibrous percardium form?[a]Outermost layer of pericardium

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visceral pericardium aka[a]Epicardium

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Which structure contains the heart?[a]Pericardium

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Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body?[a]Left side of the heart

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Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs?[a]Right side of the heart

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Where is the heart located?[a]Mediastinum

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Semilunar valves have how many flaps?[a]3 flaps

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Papillary muscles – function[a]These heart structures prevent valvular prolapse.

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What contracts during ventricular systole besides the ventricles?[a]papillary muscles

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Chordae tendonae – location[a]in the ventricles between the papillary muscles and the leaves of the valves

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Valvular insufficiency – define[a]a heart murmur or valvular prolapse where valves do not close completely.

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Valvular stenosis – define[a]A condition where valves don’t open completely.

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“Lub” sound – define[a]Sound caused by the closing of the AV valves.

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“Dup” sound – define[a]Sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves.

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Systole – define[a]This is the contraction of a heart chamber.

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Diastole – define[a]the relaxation of a heart chamber.

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“Lub” sound – occurs during what stage of a heart beat?[a]Beginning of ventricular systole.

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“Dup” sound – occurs during what stage of a heart beat?[a]Beginning of ventricular diastole.

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Myocyte – define[a]a heart cell.

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Functional syncytium – define[a]all myocytes contract together.

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Myogenic – define[a]a self stimulating cell

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The Cardiac Conduction System – define[a]A system composed of nodal tissue that causes the heart to beat.

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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – location[a]upper wall of right atrium

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Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) – location[a]floor of right atrium or at the base of the interatrial septum

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Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) – function[a]receives the action potential from the SA node

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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – function[a]Generates the sinus rhythm considered to be the basic heart rate

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Cardiac skeleton – define[a]This is the fibrous CT which supports myocardium, forms a thick insulating wall between atria and ventricles, and keeps ventricles from contracting prematurely.

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Atrioventricular bundle – aka[a]Bundle of His.

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Bundle of His – define[a]This structure carries the action potential across cardiac skeleton into interventricular septum & splits into Left/Right Bundle branches.

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Purkinje fibers – define[a]These heart fibers carry action potential from the apex of the heart to the myocardium causing the ventricles to contract.

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Vagus nerve – effect on heart rate[a]decreases heart rate via the Parasympathetic NS.

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Cardiac nerve – effect on heart rate[a]increases heart rate via the Sympathetic NS.

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Sino – atrial (SA) node – rhythm[a]72 beats per minute (BPM).

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Cardiac cycle – define[a]This cycle is composed of Atrial systole and diastole & Ventricular systole and diastole.

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If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .1 sec long?[a]atrial systole

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If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .3 sec long?[a]ventricular systole

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If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .7 sec long?[a]atrial diastole

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If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .5 sec long?[a]ventricular diastole

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If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .8 sec long?[a]The whole cardiac cycle.

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Atrial systole – define[a]This is the first part of a heart beat.

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Cardiac Output (CO) – define[a]This is the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute.

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Stroke Rate (SR) – define[a]number of beats per minute.

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Stroke Volume (SV) – define[a]the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.

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What is this equation? SR x SV = CO[a]the equation for Cardiac Output.

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What is the equation for Cardiac Output?[a]SR x SV = CO

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Which term describes the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat?[a]Stroke Volume (SV)

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Which term describes the number of beats per minute?[a]Stroke Rate (SR)

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Which term describes the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute?[a]Cardiac Output (CO)

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What is the first part of a heart beat?[a]Atrial systole

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What is the duration of the full cardiac cycle with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].8 sec long

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What is the duration of ventricular diastole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].5 sec long

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What is the duration of atrial diastole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].7 sec long

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What is the duration of ventricular systole with a heart rate of 72 BPM? [a].3 sec long

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What is the duration of atrial systole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].1 sec

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Which cycle is composed of Atrial systole, diastole & Ventricular systole, diastole? [a]Cardiac cycle

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Which heart structure has a rhythm of 72 beats per minute (BPM)?[a]Sino atrial node

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Which nerve increases heart rate via the Sympathetic NS?[a]Cardiac nerve

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Which nerve decreases heart rate via the Parasympathetic NS?[a]Vagus nerve

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Which heart fibers carry action potential from the apex of the heart to the myocardium causing the ventricles to contract?[a]Purkinje fibers

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Which structure carries the action potential across cardiac skeleton into interventricular septum & splits into Left/Right Bundle branches?[a]Bundle of His

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Which is another term for the Bundle of His?[a]Atrioventricular bundle

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Which term describes the fibrous CT which supports myocardium, forms a thick insulating wall between atria and ventricles and keeps ventricles from contracting prematurely?[a]Cardiac skeleton

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Which node generates the sinus rhythm considered to be the basic heart rate?[a]Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

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Which conduction node receives the action potential from the SA node?[a]Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

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Which conduction node is located in floor of right atrium or at the base of the interatrial septum?[a]Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

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Which conduction node is located in the wall of the right atrium?[a]Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

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Which system causes the heart to beat?[a]The Cardiac Conduction System

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What is the term for a self stimulating cell?[a]Myogenic

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What term describes when all myocytes contract together?[a]Functional syncytium

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What is the name of a heart cell?[a]Myocyte

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Which heart sound do you hear at the beginning of ventricular diastole?[a]”Dup” sound

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Which heart sound do you hear at the beginning of ventricular systole?[a]”Lub” sound

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Which term describes the relaxation of a heart chamber?[a]Diastole

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Which term describes the contraction of a heart chamber?[a]Systole

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Which sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves?[a]”Dup” sound

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Which sound is caused by the closing of the AV valves?[a]”Lub” sound

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Which term describes a condition where valves don’t open completely?[a]Valvular stenosis

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Which term describes a heart murmur or valvular prolapse?[a]Valvular insufficiency

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Which heart structures are located in the ventricles?[a]Chordae tendonae and paillary muscles

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When do the papillary muscles contract?[a]ventricular systole

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Which heart structures prevents valvular prolapse?[a]Papillary muscles and chordae tendonae

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Which valves have 3 flaps?[a]Semilunar valves, and the tricuspid.

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Preload – define[a]This is the amount of blood filling the heart before systole.

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Afterload – define[a]This is the amount of pressure exerted by arterial blood, which must be overcome by left ventricle to force more blood into the aorta.

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Factors Affecting Stroke Volume – list[a]preload, venous return and afterload

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Positive Inotropic Agents – define[a]These chemical agents strengthen the contractile power of the heart

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Negative Inotropic Agents – define[a]These chemical agents weaken the contractile power of the heart

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Positive Inotropic Agents – list[a]epinephrine, NE, glucagon, thyroid hormone, dopamine & digitalis

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Negative Inotropic Agents – list[a]Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Acidosis, Excess extracellular potassium, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers

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List the factors that effect the Stroke Rate[a]ANS, chemicals, age, gender, fitness level and body size

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Starling’s Law – define[a]This rule states that an increase in venous return will cause an increase in cardiac output (CO)

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Increased resting heart rate – causes[a]increased temperature, small body size and low level of fitness

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Decreased resting heart rate – caused by[a]large body size, high level of fitness, decreased temperature

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Baroreceptors & chemreceptors – define[a]These receptors are found in carotid and aortic artery reflexes as well as the atrium reflex

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Blood pressure reflex centers – location[a]medulla

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Vagus N & Glossopharyngeal N – function[a]These nerves carry information to the cardiac centers

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Vagus N and Cardiac N – function[a]These nerves carry motor commands to the heart.

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What is the Aortic reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to systemic high blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decrease in heart rate.

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What is the Right heart reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart rate.

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What is the Carotid reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to high blood pressure in the head by causing vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate.

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What is the Aortic reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate.

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What is the Right heart reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing decrease in heart rate.

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What is the Carotid reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure in the head by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate.

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What is the body’s response to hypoxia or hypercapnia?[a]vasoconstriction and an increase in heart & breathing rate

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Hypercapnia – define[a]too much CO2 in the blood

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Hypoxia – define[a]too little O2 in the blood

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Acidosis – define[a]a low blood pH

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What is a 120/80 reading mean?[a]normal blood pressure for a body at rest

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The Phrenic nerve is used in what reflexes?[a]This nerve is activated in heart reflexes that affect breathing.

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Systolic pressure – define[a]blood pressure when ventricles are contracting

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Diastolic pressure – define[a]blood pressure when ventricles are relaxing

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What is the formula for Blood Pressure?[a] Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance

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Viscosity – define[a]thickness of blood

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What contributes to Systemic Vascular Resistance?[a]blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, vessel diameter & smoothness of endothelial lining.

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What is the BP in arteries compared to other vessels?[a]highest

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What is the BP in veins compared to other vessels?[a]lowest

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What is the Velocity in arteries compared to other vessels?[a]highest

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What is the Velocity in capillaries compared to other vessels?[a]lowest

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Angina pectoris – define[a]chest pain due to myocardial ischemia

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When the body is at rest (72 bpm), what part of the cardiac cycle is .4 sec long?[a]diastasis (all four chambers at rest)

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When the body is at rest(72 bpm), how long are all four chambers in diastole?[a] .4 sec

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Which term describes chest pain due to myocardial ischemia?[a]Angina pectoris

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In which vessels in the CV system is blood velocity lowest?[a]Velocity in capillaries

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In which vessels in the CV system is blood velocity highest?[a]Velocity in arteries

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In which vessels in the CV system is blood pressure lowest?[a]BP in veins

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In which vessels in the CV system is blood pressure highest?[a]BP in arteries

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Which term describes the effect of blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, vessel diameter & smoothness of endothelial lining?[a] Systemic Vascular Resistance

[q]

Which term describes thickness of blood?[a]Viscosity

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Which blood quality is measured by Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance?[a]Blood Pressure

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Which term describes blood pressure when ventricles are relaxing?[a]Diastolic pressure

[q]

Which term describes blood pressure when ventricles are contracting?[a]Systolic pressure

[q]

Which nerve is activated in heart reflexes that affect breathing?[a]The Phrenic nerve

[q]

What is considered to be normal blood pressure for a body at rest?[a]120/80

[q]

Which condition describes a low blood pH?[a]Acidosis

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Which condition describes too little O2 in the blood?[a]Hypoxia

[q]

Which condition describes too much CO2 in the blood?[a]Hypercapnia

[q]

Which blood chemistry conditions cause the vasoconstriction and an increase in heart & breathing rate?[a]WThis is the body’s response to hypoxia or hypercapnia.

[q]

Which reflex responds to low blood pressure in the head by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate?[a]Carotid reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing decrease in heart rate?[a]Right heart reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate?[a]Aortic

[q]

Which reflex responds to high blood pressure in the head by causing vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate?[a]Carotid reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart rate?[a]Right heart reflex

[q]

Which reflex responds to systemic high blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decrease in heart rate?[a]Aortic reflex

[q]

Which nerves carry motor commands to the heart?[a]Vagus N and Cardiac N

[q]

Which nerves carry sensory information to the cardiac centers?[a]Vagus N & Glossopharyngeal N

[q]

Which cardiac reflexe centers are contained in the medulla?[a]Blood pressure reflex centers

[q]

Which type of receptors are found in carotid and aortic artery reflexes as well as the atrium reflex?[a]Baroreceptors & chemreceptors

[q]

Which effect do the following have on resting heart rate: large body size, high level of fitness, decreased temperature?[a]Decreased resting heart rate

[q]

Which effect do the following have on resting heart rate: increased temperature, small body size and low level of fitness?[a]Increased resting heart rate

[q]

Which rule states that an increase in venous return will cause an increase in cardiac output (CO)?[a]Starling’s Law

[q]

Which heart function (SR or SV) do the following factors effect: ANS, chemicals, age, gender, fitness level and body size?[a]Stroke Rate

[q]

Which Inotropic agents include: Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Acidosis, Excess extracellular potassium, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers?[a]Negative Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which Inotropic agents include: epinephrine, NE, glucagon, thyroid hormone, dopamine & digitalis?[a]Positive Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which chemical agents weaken the contractile power of the heart?[a]Negative Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which chemical agents strengthen the contractile power of the heart?[a]Positive Inotropic Agents

[q]

Which factors do preload, venous return and afterload contribute to?[a]Stroke Volume

[q]

Which term describes the amount of pressure exerted by arterial blood, which must be overcome by left ventricle to force more blood into the aorta?[a]Afterload

[q]

Which term describes the amount of blood filling the heart before systole?[a]Preload

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