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Antigen – define[a] Anything that provokes an immune response. (GENeration of ANTIbodies)

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Antigens – list[a] Anything from outside the body, such as a molecule in the plasma membrane of a foreign cell, portion of a microbe, cilia or flagella, chemicals made by foreign cells.

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Pathogen – define[a] disease producing organism

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Pathogen – list[a]bacteria, viruses, fungi, amoebae, protozoans and parasites such as worms

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Bacteria – define[a] Cells that are much smaller than ours, with DNA dispersed rather than in a nucleus.

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Virus – define[a]Tiny organisms smaller than bacteria that consist of a protein outer core, and an inner core of DNA or RNA

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Bacteria – List diseases produced by[a] tuberculosis, urinary tract infections,strep throat, pneumonia

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Viruses – List diseases produced by[a] influenza (flu), the common cold and AIDS

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Innate defenses – describe[a] These defense mechanisms protect the body against a wide range of pathogens.

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Adaptive defenses – describe[a]These defense mechanisms protect the body against specific pathogenic organisms.

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Humoral immunity – function[a]This type of adaptive defense uses plasma proteins known as antibodies to attack and destroy a specific target in the body fluids.

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Cellular immunity – function[a] This type of adaptive defense uses T cells to destroy infected, abnormal or cancerous body cells.

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Innate defenses – list[a] skin, mucous membranes, NK cells, complement, inflammation, and interferons

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Interferons – describe[a] These proteins are released by infected cells which signal uninfected cells to activate defenses to block a virus’s ability to replicate.

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Complement – describe[a] These plasma proteins made by the liver circulate in an inactive state but which can be activated to destroy pathogens.

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Adaptive defense – characteristics[a] specific, systemwide and have memory

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What kind of cell is used in humoral immunity?[a]B cells

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What kind of cell is used in cellular immunity?[a]killer T cells

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Helper T Cells – function[a] These cells cause activation of killer T cells and B cells.

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Killer T Cells – function[a]These cells leave the lymph node, enter circulation, and seeks and destroy infected/abnormal body cells.

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Suppressor T Cells – function[a] These cells are responsible for turning adaptive immunity off once a pathogen/antigen has been eliminated.

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B cells – function[a]These cells form a clonal population of plasma cells and begin producing antibodies.

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Antibodies – define[a] These are proteins that bind to and destroy specific antigens.

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Cytolysis – define[a] cell destruction

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Memory B and T cells – function[a]These cells provide a much more rapid response should the pathogen enter the body again. (subsequent exposure)

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) – function[a] This molecule marker on the membrane allows the immune system to recognize host cells (Cells of it’s own body).

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Which type of cells provide a much more rapid response should the pathogen enter the body again?[a]Memory B and T cells

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Which term describes cell destruction?[a]Cytolysis

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What are large proteins that bind to and destroy specific antigens?[a]Antibodies

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Which type of cells form a clonal population of plasma cells and begin producing antibodies?[a]B cells

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Which type of cells are responsible for turning adaptive immunity off once a pathogen/antigen has been eliminated?[a]Suppressor T Cells

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Which type of cell leaves the lymph node, enters circulation, seeks and destroys infected/abnormal body cells?[a]Killer T Cells

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Which type of cell causes activation of killer T cells and B cells?[a]Helper T Cells

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Which type of adaptive defense allows killer T cells to destroy infected body cells to provide immunity?[a]cellular immunity

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Which type of adaptive defense allows B cells to make antibodies to provide immunity?[a]humoral immunity

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Which type of defense mechanisms are: specific, systemwide and have memory?[a]Adaptive defense (Immunity)

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Which type of innate defenses are plasma proteins made by the liver which circulate in an inactive state but which can be activated to destroy pathogens?[a]Complement

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Which kind of proteins are released by infected cells which signal uninfected cells to activate defenses to block a virus’s ability to replicate?[a]Interferons

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Which type of defense mechanisms do the skin, mucous membranes, NK cells, complement, inflammation, and interferons contribute to?[a]Innate defenses

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Which type of adaptive defense uses T cells to destroy infected, abnormal or cancerous body cells?[a]Cellular immunity

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Which type of adaptive defense uses plasma proteins known as antibodies to attack and destroy a specific target in the body fluids?[a]Humoral immunity

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Which type of defense mechanisms include humoral immunity and cellular immunity?[a]Adaptive defenses(Immunity)

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Which type of defense mechanisms protect the body against specific pathogenic organisms?[a]Adaptive defenses(Immunity)

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Which type of general defense mechanisms protect the body against a wide range of pathogens?[a]Innate (General) defenses

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Which type of pathogen can cause influenza (flu), the common cold and AIDS?[a]Viruses

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Which type of pathogen can cause tuberculosis, urinary tract infections,strep throat, and pneumonia?[a]Bacteria

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What are tiny organisms smaller than bacteria that consist of a protein outer core, an inner core of DNA, RNA and enzymes?[a]Virus

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What are cells that are much smaller than ours, lacking nuclei and mitochondria?[a]Bacteria

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What are bacteria, viruses, fungi, amoebae, protozoans and parasites such as worms?[a]Pathogen

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Which term describes a disease producing organism?[a]Pathogen

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Which term describes anything that provokes an immune response?[a]Antigen

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PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION aka[a]CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION

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SYMPATHETIC DIVISION aka[a]THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION

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PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION – overall effect[a]Rest and digest

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SYMPATHETIC DIVISION – overall effect[a]Fight or flight

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SYMPATHETIC DIVISION – carried by what nerves?[a]SN’s T1 to L2

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PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION – carried by what nerves?[a]CN’s III, VII, IX and X and SN’s S2, S3 and S4

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PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURON – route[a]The ANS pathway begins in the nuclei of a CRANIAL NERVE or in lateral gray horn of spinal cord and ends in a PERIPHERAL GANGLION?

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POST-GANGLIONIC NEURON – route[a]From an autonomic ganglion to the effector organ.

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TERMINAL GANGLIA aka[a]INTRAMURAL GANGLIA

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TERMINAL GANGLIA – location[a]This type of ganglia are found in the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM in the wall of the organs.

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SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA – location[a] There are 22 the pairs of sympathetic ganglia extending down either side of the vertebral column.

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PRE-VERTEBRAL GANGLIA – location[a] These sympathetic ganglia are attached to the Aorta.

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SPLANCHNIC NERVES – route[a] These nerves connect the symathetic chain to the prevertebral ganglia?

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Which type of neuron are PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURONS[a] B fibers

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Which type of neuron are POST-GANGLIONIC NEURONS[a] C fibers

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Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used by these ANS neurons[a] All parasympathetic neurons and sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

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Norepinephrine is the neurotransmitter used by these ANS neurons[a] sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

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CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION aka[a]PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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THORACOLUMBAR DIVISION aka[a]SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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Rest and digest is the effect of which division?[a]PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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Fight or flight is the effect of which division?[a]SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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CN’s III, VII, IX and X and SN’s S2, S3 and S4 carry which division of the ANS?[a]PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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Which type of neuron in the ANS pathway begins in the nuclei of a CRANIAL NERVE or in lateral gray horn of spinal cord and ends in a PERIPHERAL GANGLION?[a]PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURON

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Which type of neuron in the ANS pathway begins in an autonomic ganglion and ends in the effector organ?[a]POST-GANGLIONIC NEURON

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INTRAMURAL GANGLIA aka[a]TERMINAL GANGLIA

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Which type of ganglia are found in the PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM in the wall of the organs?[a]TERMINAL GANGLIA

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Which type of ganglia are attached to the Aorta?[a]PRE-VERTEBRAL GANGLIA

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Which type of nerves connect the symathetic chain to the prevertebral ganglia?[a]SPLANCHNIC NERVES

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Which type of neuron are composed of type B fibers?[a] PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURONS

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Which type of neuron are composed of type C fibers?[a] POST-GANGLIONIC NEURONS

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Which type of neurotransmitter do the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons use?[a]Acetylcholine

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Which type of neurotransmitter do the parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons use?[a]Acetycholine

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Which type of neurotransmitter do the sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons use?[a]Acetycholine

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Which type of neurotransmitter do the sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons use?[a]Norepinephrine

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SN’s T1 to L2 carry which division of the ANS?[a]SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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What is the pathway of SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC neurons to Sympathetic Chain Ganglia?[a]Neurons originate in LATERAL gray horns of the spinal cord, segments T1 – L2, travel out the through the spinal nerve and WHITE RAMUS into the SYMPATHETIC CHAIN.

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What is the PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAY?[a]PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURONS originate in the nuclei of cranial nerves, III, VII, IX, X, travel the lateral gray horns of segments S2, S3, S4 and synapse in a TERMINAL GANGLIA where post ganglionic neurons travel to the effectors.

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DUALLY innervated effector – define[a]This effector is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

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SINGLULARY innervated effector – define[a]Thiseffector is innervated by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions.

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Which division of the ANS DILATES the pupil?[a] sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS CONSTRICTS the pupil?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS THINS the lens for far vision?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS THICKENS the lens for near vision?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS INHIBITS secretion of Digestive Glands?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS STIMULATES secretion of Digestive Glands?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS DILATES Bronchial Tubes?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS CONSTRICTS Bronchial Tubes?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS INCREASES heart rate?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS DECREASES heart rate?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS INHIBITS peristalsis?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS STIMULATES peristalsis?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS INHIBITS urination?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS STIMULATES urination?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes VASODILATION and ERECTION?[a]parasympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes ORGASM and EJACULATION?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes production of sweat?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes goose bumps?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS controls constriction of blood vessels?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes the Adrenals release Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes the kidneys to release the hormone Renin to conserve water?[a]sympathetic NS

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Which division of the ANS causes the production of tears?[a]parasympathetic NS

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In which pathway do neurons originate in LATERAL gray horns of the spinal cord, segments T1 – L2, travel out the ventral root through the spinal nerve and WHITE RAMUS into the SYMPATHETIC CHAIN?[a]PATHWAY of SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC neurons to Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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In which pathway do PRE-GANGLIONIC NEURONS originate in the nuclei of cranial nerves, III, VII, IX, X, travel the lateral gray horns of segments S2, S3, S4 and synapse in a TERMINAL GANGLIA where post ganglionic neurons travel to the effectors?[a]the PARASYMPATHETIC PATHWAY

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Which type of effector is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?[a]DUALLY innervated effector

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Which type of effector is innervated by either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions?[a]SINGLULARY innervated effector

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the iris?[a] DILATES the pupil

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the iris?[a] CONSTRICTS the pupil

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Ciliary muscle?[a] THINS the lens for far vision

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Ciliary muscle?[a] THICKENS the lens for near vision

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Digestive Glands?[a] INHIBITS secretion of Digestive Glands

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Digestive Glands?[a] STIMULATES secretion of Digestive Glands

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Bronchial Tubes?[a] DILATES Bronchial Tubes

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Bronchial Tubes?[a] CONSTRICTS Bronchial Tubes

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Heart?[a] INCREASES heart rate

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Heart?[a] DECREASES heart rate

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Intestinal Smooth Muscles?[a] INHIBITS peristalsis

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Intestinal Smooth Muscles?[a] STIMULATES peristalsis

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Urinary Bladder?[a] INHIBITS urination

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Urinary Bladder?[a] STIMULATES urination

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Sex Organs?[a] VASODILATION and ERECTION

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Sex Organs?[a] ORGASM and EJACULATION

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the Sweat Glands?[a] causes production of sweat

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the arrector pili muscles?[a] causes goose bumps

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the blood vessels?[a] controls constriction of blood vessels

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the adrenal glands?[a] causes the Adrenals release Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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Which effect does the sympathetic NS have on the kidneys?[a] causes the kidneys to conserve water

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Which effect does the parasympathetic NS have on the Lacrimal glands[a] causes the production of tears

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[qdeck]

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Cranial nerve I – name [a] OLFACTORY nerve

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Cranial nerve II – name [a] OPTIC nerve

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Cranial nerve III – name [a] OCULOMOTOR nerve

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Cranial nerve IV – name [a]TROCHLEAR nerve

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Cranial nerve V – name [a] TRIGEMINAL nerve

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Cranial nerve VI – name [a] ABDUCENS nerve

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Cranial nerve VII – name [a] FACIAL nerve

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Cranial nerve VIII – name [a] VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR nerve

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Cranial nerve IX – name [a] GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL nerve

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Cranial nerve XI – name [a] ACCESSORY/ SPINOACCESSORY nerve

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Cranial nerve XII – name [a]HYPOGLOSSAL nerve

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Cranial nerve I – function [a] smell

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Cranial nerve II – function [a] vision

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Cranial nerve III – function [a] activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles

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Cranial nerve IV – function [a]activation of the superior oblique muscle

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Cranial nerve V – function [a] tactile senses of the face and chewing muscles

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Cranial nerve VI – function [a]activation of the lateral rectus muscle

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Cranial nerve VII – function [a]innervation of muscles of facial expression, taste and salivation

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Cranial nerve VIII – function [a]innervation of hearing and equilibrium

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Cranial nerve IX – function [a]innervation of muscles of the pharynx and carotid sinus stretch receptor

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Cranial nerve X- function [a] innervation of the pharynx and larynx and aortic sinus stretch receptors

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Cranial nerve XI – function [a] control of trapezius and the SCM

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Cranial nerve XII – function [a]innervation of muscles of tongue

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Olfactory Nerve – route[a] This nerve passes through the cribriform plate

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Where does the optic nerve attach?[a] Thalamus

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Which cranial nerves attach to the brainstem? [a]CN’s III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII (everthing but I and II)

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Which cranial nerves sends information to the vestibular nucleus and the temporal lobe?[a] CN VIII

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Which cranial nerves get information from the superior colliculi? [a]CN’s III,IV and IV (control of the eye)

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Which cranial nerves perform ANS functions?[a]CN’s III, VII, IX, and X share

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What do CN’s I, II and VIII have in common?[a] They are purely sensory

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CN’s III, IV, and VI have in common?[a] They handle extrinsic eye function

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What do CN’s I, II, VII, VIII and IX have in common?[a]They handle the special senses

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CN VIII carries how many senses?[a]2 special senses

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Taste is carried by how many cranial nerves?[a] two – CN’s VII and IX

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Trigeminal Neuralgia is a pathology associated with which cranial nerve?[a] Trigeminal nerve

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Bell’s Palsy is a pathology associated with which cranial nerve?[a] Facial Nerve

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What common organ does CN’s V, VII, IX and XII serve?[a]the tongue

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CN VII does what for the eyes?[a] tears

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CN III innervates which intrinsic eye muscles?[a]the ciliary and circular muscle

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[qdeck]

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Which numeral refers to the OLFACTORY nerve?[a]Cranial nerve I

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Which numeral refers to the OPTIC nerve?[a]Cranial nerve II

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Which numeral refers to the OCULOMOTOR nerve?[a]Cranial nerve III name

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Which numeral refers to the TROCHLEAR nerve?[a]Cranial nerve IV

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Which numeral refers to the TRIGEMINAL nerve?[a]Cranial nerve V

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Which numeral refers to the ABDUCENS nerve?[a]Cranial nerve VI

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Which numeral refers to the FACIAL NERVE nerve?[a]Cranial nerve VII

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Which numeral refers to the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR nerve?[a]Cranial nerve VIII

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Which numeral refers to the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL nerve?[a]Cranial nerve IX

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Which numeral refers to the Vagus Nerve?[a]Cranial nerve X

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Which numeral refers to the ACCESSORY/ SPINOACCESSORY nerve?[a]Cranial nerve XI

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Which numeral refers to the HYPOGLOSSAL nerve?[a]Cranial nerve XII

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Which nerve is responsible for smell?[a]Cranial nerve I

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Which nerve is responsible for vision?[a]Cranial nerve II

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Which nerve is responsible for the intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles?[a]Cranial nerve III

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Which nerve is responsible for the superior oblique muscle?[a]Cranial nerve IV

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Which nerve is responsible for hearing and equilibrium?[a]Cranial nerve VIII

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Which nerve is responsible for muscles of the pharynx and carotid sinus stretch receptors?[a]Cranial nerve IX

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Which nerve is responsible for ANS control of the pharynx and larynx and aortic sinus stretch receptors?[a]Cranial nerve X

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Which nerve is responsible for control of trapezius and the SCM?[a]Cranial nerve XI

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Which nerve is responsible for muscles of tongue?[a]Cranial nerve XII

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Which nerve passes through the cribriform plate?[a]Olfactory Nerve

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Which nerve connects to the Thalamus?[a]e optic nerve

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In which part of the brain do CN’s III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII attach?[a]brainstem

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Where does CN VIII send its information?[a] vestibular nucleus and the temporal lobe

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Where does the information traveling in CN’s III,IV and IV come from?[a] superior colliculi?

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Which common function do CN’s III, VII, IX, and X share?[a] ANS (parasympathetic)

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Which CN’S are purely sensory?[a] CN’s I, II and VIII

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Which CN’S handle extrinsic eye function?[a]C.N’s III, IV, and VI

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Which CN’S handle the special senses?[a]; CN’s I, II, VII, VIII and IX

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Which CN handles 2 special senses?[a]CN VIII

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Which special sense is carried by two different CN’s?[a]Taste

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Which pathology is associated with the Trigeminal nerve?[a]Trigeminal Neuralgia

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Which pathology is associated with the Facial Nerve?[a]Bell’s Palsy

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Which CN’s serve the tongue?[a] V(touch), VII(taste), IX(taste) and XII (muscle control)

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Which CN is for tears?[a]CN VII

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Which CN innervates the ciliary and circular muscle?[a]CN III

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Which nerve is responsible for tactile senses of the face and chewing muscles?[a]Cranial nerve V

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Which nerve is responsible for the lateral rectus muscle?[a]Cranial nerve VI

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Which nerve is responsible for muscles of facial expression, taste and salivation?[a]Cranial nerve VII

[/qdeck]

[qdeck]

[q]

THE BRAIN – weight[a]3 lbs.

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MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN[a] BRAIN STEM, DIENCEPHALON, CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM

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DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN STEM[a]The MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, MIDBRAIN

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DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRUM[a]The CEREBRAL CORTEX and BASAL GANGLIA (aka CEREBRAL NUCLEI)

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DIVISIONS OF THE DIENCEPHALON[a]The THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS

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The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by way of what structures?[a]peduncles

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MENINGEAL LAYER of dura mater adheres to what?[a] The inner layer of the dura materadheres to the arachnoid mater.

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PERIOSTEAL LAYER of dura mater adheres to what?[a]The the outer layer of dura mater adheres to the periosteum.

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FALX CEREBRI – location[a] This structure of the dura mater & arachnoid mater sticks down between the 2 halves of the cerebrum.

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SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS – describe[a] This structure contains a large blood vessel in the space between the meningeal & periosteal layers of dura mater, within the Falx Cerebri

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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – function[a] MECHANICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL PROTECTION and CIRCULATION

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CHOROID PLEXUSES – describe[a]These the tufts of capillaries around the ventricles make CSF.

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ARACHNOID VILLI – function[a]These projections of the arachnoid mater into the Superior Sagital Sinus reabsorb the CSF.

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MEDULLA OBLONGATA – contents[a] DECUSATION OF PYRAMIDs, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS, ASCENDING TRACTS, INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLEs, vital and non vital reflexes.

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DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS – function[a]Where 90-95% of neurons in PYRAMIDAL TRACTS cross over.

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INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE – function[a]This structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum.

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VITAL REFLEX CENTERS – list[a]MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER, CARDIAC CENTER, VASOMOTOR CENTER

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MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER – function[a]This center controls the basic RATE and DEPTH of breathing.

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CARDIAC CENTER – function[a]This center controls the heart rate and blood pressure.

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VASOMOTOR CENTER – function[a]This center controls the constriction and dilation of blood vessels.

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NON-VITAL REFLEX CENTERS – list[a] reflexes of swallowing, coughing, gagging, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping, yawning and salivation

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VESTIBULAR NUCLEI – function[a]These nuclei in medulla help to maintain balance and equilibrium (has the righting reflexes).

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PONS – contains[a] PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS, MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, BREATHING CENTERS

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MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – location and function[a]These structures attach the pons to the cerebellum.

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[qdeck]

[q]

The MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, MIDBRAIN are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a] THE BRAIN STEM

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The CEREBRAL CORTEX and BASAL GANGLIA (aka CEREBRAL NUCLEI)are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a]DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRUM

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The THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a]DIVISIONS OF THE DIENCEPHALON

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Which structure of the brain is entirely connected to the rest by peduncles?[a] cerebellum

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Which forms the inner layer of the dura mater?[a] MENINGEAL LAYER of dura mater

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Which layer forms the outer layer of dura mater?[a] PERIOSTEAL LAYER of dura mater

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Which structure of the dura mater & arachnoid mater sticks down between the 2 halves of the cerebrum?[a]FALX CEREBRI

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Which structure contains a large blood vessel in the space between the meningeal & periosteal layers of dura mater, within the Falx Cerebri?[a]SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS

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Which type of fluid provides MECHANICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL PROTECTION and CIRCULATION in the CNS?[a]CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

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Name the tufts of capillaries around the ventricles that make CSF.[a]CHOROID PLEXUSES

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Name the projections of the arachnoid mater into the Superior Sagital Sinus which reabsorb the CSF.[a]ARACHNOID VILLI

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Which structure contains DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDs, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS, ASCENDING TRACTS, INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLEs, vital and non vital reflexes?[a]MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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Where in the brian do 90-95% of neurons in PYRAMIDAL TRACTS cross over?[a]DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS

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Which structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum?[a]INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

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Which type of centers include the MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER, CARDIAC CENTER, VASOMOTOR CENTER?[a]VITAL REFLEX CENTERS

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Which center controls the basic RATE and DEPTH of breathing?[a]MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER

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Which center controls the heart rate and blood pressure?[a]CARDIAC CENTER

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Which center controls the constriction and dilation of blood vessels?[a]VASOMOTOR CENTER

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Which type of centers have nuclei that control reflexes of swallowing, coughing, gagging, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping, yawning and salivation?[a]NON-VITAL REFLEX CENTERS

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Which nuclei in medulla help to maintain balance and equilibrium? (has the righting reflexes)?[a]VESTIBULAR NUCLEI

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Where are PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS, MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, BREATHING CENTERS located?[a]PONS

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Which structure attaches the pons to the cerebellum?[a]MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

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MIDBRAIN – location[a]the superior section of the brain stem

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MIDBRAIN – contains[a] PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING TRACTS, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES, SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, RED NUCLEI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located.

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SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – function[a]connects the midbrain to the cerebellum

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RED NUCLEI – function[a]These midbain nuclei send motor impulses that control muscle tone.

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SUBSTANTIA NIGRA – location/function[a]This group of cell bodies have axons that synapse in basal ganglia, release DOPAMINE as neurotransmitters and help smooth movements.

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PARKINSON’S DISEASE is caused by damage to what part of the brain?[a]substantia nigra

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CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA – function[a]This area contains the reflex center for head & neck movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.

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SUPERIOR COLLICULI – function[a]This area contains the reflex centers for EYE, HEAD, and NECK movements in response to VISUAL stimuli.

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INFERIOR COLLICULI – function[a]This area contains the reflex center for the head and neck movements in response to AUDITORY stimuli

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THALAMUS – function[a]This brain structure is composed of 2 oval masses and acts as a giant relay center for ALL senses except smell.

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HYPOTHALAMUS – function[a]This brain structure is a major control center for the ANS and endocrine system and monitors it’s own blood flow to adjust homeostasis.

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The HYPOTHALAMUS controls which gland?[a] Pituitary gland

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LIMBIC SYSTEM – function[a]This part of the brain deals with emotions and memory.

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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)- function[a]This system filters sensory information going to the cerebral cortex.

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LONGITUDINAL FISSURE – location[a]This structure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

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SULCUS/SULCI – describe[a]Shallow indentation(s) of the brain

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GYRUS/GYRI – describe[a]Raised part(s) of the brain between two sulci

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INSULAR LOBE – location[a]This structure is an infolding of the cortex, not exposed to the meninges and located deep to the Temporal Lobes

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CENTRAL SULCUS – location[a]This feature divides the frontal and parietal lobes.

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PRECENTRAL GYRUS – location[a]This structure located anterior to central sulcus on frontal lobe is the origin point of Pyramidal and Corticospinal tracts.

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POSTCENTRAL GYRUS – location[a]This structure located posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe is where 3rd order neurons create conscious awareness of general senses information.

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BASAL GANGLIA – function[a]This nuclei in the cerebrum control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) regulate muscle tone and initiate movement.

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CEREBRAL CORTEX – location[a]This structure composes the most superficial layer of the cerebrum – 2 to 4 mm thick.

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Frontal lobe – function[a]This part of the brain is responsible for motor control and a large part of the control of what you do (and don’t do).

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Temporal lobe – function[a]This part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sound and also your sense of self.

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Occipital lobe – function[a]What part of the brain is responisible for vision.

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What is the superior section of the brain stem?[a]MIDBRAIN

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Where are PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING TRACTS, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES, SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, RED NUCLEI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located?[a]MIDBRAIN

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Which structures connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?[a]SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

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Which midbain nuclei send motor impulses that control muscle tone?[a]RED NUCLEI

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Which group of cell bodies have axons that synapse in basal ganglia, release DOPAMINE as neurotransmitters and help smooth movements?[a]SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

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Which disease is due to death of substantia nigra cells resulting in lack of dopamine?[a] PARKINSON’S DISEASE .

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Which area contains the reflex center for head & neck movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli?[a]CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA

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Which area contains the reflex centers for EYE, HEAD, and NECK movements in response to VISUAL stimuli?[a]SUPERIOR COLLICULI

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Which area contains the reflex center for the head and neck movements in response to AUDITORY stimuli?[a]INFERIOR COLLICULI

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Which brain structure is composed of 2 oval masses and acts as a giant relay center for ALL senses except smell?[a]THALAMUS

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Which brain structure is a major control center for the ANS and endocrine system and monitors it’s own blood flow to adjust homeostasis?[a]HYPOTHALAMUS

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Which brain structure controls the Pituitary gland?[a]The HYPOTHALAMUS

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Which part of the brain deals with emotions and memory?[a]LIMBIC SYSTEM

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Which system filters sensory information going to the cerebral cortex?[a]RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)

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Which is the largest structure of the brain?[a]CEREBRUM

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Which structure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?[a]LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

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Shallow indentation(s) of the brain are known as?[a]SULCUS/SULCI

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Raised part(s) of the brain between two sulci are known as?[a]GYRUS/GYRI

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Which structure is an infolding of the cortex, not exposed to the meninges and located deep to the Temporal Lobes?[a]INSULAR LOBE

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Which feature divides the frontal and parietal lobes?[a]CENTRAL SULCUS

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Which structure located anterior to central sulcus on frontal lobe is the origin point of Pyramidal and Corticospinal tracts?[a]PRECENTRAL GYRUS

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Which structure is located posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe?[a]POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

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Which nuclei in the cerebrum control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) regulate muscle tone and initiate movement?[a]BASAL GANGLIA

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Which structure composes the most superficial layer of the cerebrum – 2 to 4 mm thick?[a]CEREBRAL CORTEX

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Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control and a large part of the control of what you do (and don’t do)?[a]Frontal lobe

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What part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sound and also your sense of self?[a]Temporal lobe

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What part of the brain is responisible for vision?[a]Occipital lobe

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PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA – location[a] PARIETAL LOBES

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SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area determines the shape and texture of an object without looking.

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PRIMARY VISUAL AREA – location[a] OCCIPITAL LOBES

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PRIMARY VISUAL AREA – function[a]This brain area functions to provide perception of color, shape & contrast.

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VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area functions to give meaning to what we see.

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PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area is located in the TEMPORAL LOBES and functions to perceive pitch, volume and rhythm.

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multimodal association (gnostic) area function[a]This brain area and integrates all sensory information for global processing.

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AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area interprets and understands sounds.

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WERNIKE’S AREA – location/function[a]This brain area on the left temporal lobe translates words into thoughts.

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PRIMARY GUSTATORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area in the INSULA and PARIETAL LOBES perceives the 5 tastes: BITTER, SWEET, SOUR, UMAMI, and SALTY.

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OLFACTORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area located deep on TEMPORAL LOBE and on part of FRONTAL LOBE perceives the sense of smell.

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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA – location[a]This brain area is located in the PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS of the FRONTAL LOBE

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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA – function[a]This brain area controls PRECISE COORDINATED movements.

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MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA – location[a]This brain area is located on the FRONTAL LOBE just anterior to the Primary Motor Area.

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MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area stores patterns of learned movements. (ENGRAMS)

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BROCA’S AREA – location[a]This brain area is located only on left side of frontal lobe.

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BROCA’S AREA – function[a]This brain area functions as the MOTOR SPEECH AREA.

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LEFT HEMISPHERE – overall functions[a]This hemisphere is associated with verbal, analytical, logical processes, basically with a narrow focus.

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RIGHT HEMISPHERE – overall functions[a]This hemisphere is associated with intuitive and artistic functions, spatial relationships, pattern and face recognition, basically with a broad focus.

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COMMISURAL TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect the 2 hemispheres in the horizontal plane. Example: CORPUS CALLOSUM.

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PROJECTION TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS. Example: pyramidal tracts.

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CORONA RADIATA – function[a]These motor and sensory PROJECTION TRACTS spread their shafts from the midbrain to the cerebrum.

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ASSOCIATION TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect gyri within the SAME hemisphere.

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CEREBELLUM – function[a]This brain structure is responsible for MUSCLE TONE, EQUILIBRIUM, and MUSCLE COORDINATION.

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What kind of information does the cerebellum need to do its job?[a]proprioception from muscles and joints about actual movement AND motor instructions from the frontal lobe.

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Which brain area is located on the postcentral gyrus of PARIETAL LOBES?[a]PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA

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Which brain area determines the shape and texture of an object without looking?[a]SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA

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Which brain area is located on the OCCIPITAL LOBES?[a]PRIMARY VISUAL AREA

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Which brain area functions to provide perception of color, shape & contrast?[a]PRIMARY VISUAL AREA

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Which brain area functions to give meaning to what we see?[a]VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA

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Which brain area is located in the TEMPORAL LOBES and functions to perceive pitch, volume and rhythm?[a]PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA

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Which brain area integrates all sensory information for a fuller understanding?[a]multimodal association (gnostic) area

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Which brain area interprets and understands sounds?[a]AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA

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Which brain area on the left temporal lobe translates words into thoughts?[a]WERNIKE’S AREA

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Which brain area in the INSULA and PARIETAL LOBES perceives the 5 tastes: BITTER, SWEET, UMAMI, SOUR, and SALTY?[a]

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Which brain area perceives taste?[a]PRIMARY GUSTATORY AREA

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Which brain area located deep on TEMPORAL LOBE and on part of FRONTAL LOBE perceives the sense of smell?[a]OLFACTORY AREA

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Which brain area is located in the PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS of the FRONTAL LOBE?[a]PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

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Which brain area controls PRECISE COORDINATED movements?[a]PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

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Which brain area is located on the FRONTAL LOBE just anterior to the Primary Motor Area?[a]MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA

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Which brain area stores patterns of learned movements(ENGRAMS)?[a]MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA

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Which brain area is located only on left side of frontal lobe?[a]BROCA’S AREA

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Which brain area functions as the MOTOR SPEECH AREA?[a]BROCA’S AREA

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Which hemisphere is associated with verbal, analytical, logical processes, basically with a narrow focus?[a]LEFT HEMISPHERE

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Which hemisphere is associated with intuitive and artistic functions, spatial relationships, pattern and face recognition, basically with a broad focus?[a]RIGHT HEMISPHERE

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Which type of tracts connect the 2 hemispheres so theh left brain knows what the right brain is up to?[a] Ccommissural tracts. Example: CORPUS CALLOSUM.

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Which type of tracts interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS?[a] Projection tracts. i.e. pyramidal tracts.

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Which motor and sensory PROJECTION TRACTS spread their shafts from the midbrain to the cerebrum?[a]CORONA RADIATA

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Which type of tracts interconnect gyri within the SAME hemisphere?[a]ASSOCIATION TRACTS

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Which brain structure is responsible for MUSCLE TONE, EQUILIBRIUM, and MUSCLE COORDINATION?[a]CEREBELLUM

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What part of the brain gets proprioception from muscles and joints about actual movement AND motor instructions from the frontal lobe?[a] the cerebellum

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During which stage of muscle activation does the cerebellum compare intended movement with the actual movement?[a] COMPARISON

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stimulus define – [a] a change in the internal or external environment

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receptor define – [a]this structure senses a change and creates a nerve impulse

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sensory neuron define – [a] this structure carries impulse into the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)

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integration center define – [a] the area of brain or spinal cord where sensory and motor neurons communicate

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motor neuron define – [a]this structure carries a nerve impulse out of the integration center to the effector

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effector define – [a] this structure creates a response in a reflex

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association neuron/interneuron define – [a] This neuron connects sensory and motor neurons together in the integration center

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Where do Spinal Reflexes synapse? [a] in spinal cord matter

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Where do Cranial Reflexes synapse? [a] in the brain nuclei

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Somatic Reflexes use what kind of effector? [a] skeletal muscle

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Autonomic Reflexes use what kind of effector? [a] cardiac, smooth muscle or glands

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Proprioceptive Reflexes use what kind of receptor? [a] muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

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Withdrawal reflexes use what kind of receptor? [a] nociceptors

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How many synapses does a Monosynaptic Reflex have? [a] only one synapse in the arc

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How many synapses does a Polysynaptic Reflex have? [a]more than one synapse in the arc

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How many segments does a Monosegmental Reflex use? [a] One

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How many segments does a Polysegmental Reflex use? [a] more than one

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Ipsilateral Reflex define – [a] the receptor and effector are on the same side of the body

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Contralateral Reflex define – [a] the receptor is on one side and effectors are on both sides

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Excitatory Reflex define – [a] causes excitation of the effector

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Inhibitory Reflex define – [a] causes inhibition of the effector

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Reciprocal Innervation define – [a] causes inhibition of an antagonist when the agonist is stimulated

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Stretch Reflex define – [a] causes contraction when a muscle is stretched quickly

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Golgi Tendon Reflex define – [a] causes a muscle to relax when a muscle or tendon is stretched for a while

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Muscle Spindle – location [a] in the belly of the muscle

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Muscle Approximation define – [a] a technique where the therapist pushes ends of muscle together to slacken it. Turns down spindles, decreases muscle tone.

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Positional release define – [a]In this technique the therapist puts a muscle on slack by changing position of the joint. This is done to decrease muscle tension.

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Golgi Tendon Organ – location [a] musculotendinous junction

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Flexor/Withdraw Reflex descibe – [a]the limb is pulled away (withdrawn) from a painful stimulus due to activation of the flexor muscles.

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Crossed Extensor Reflex describe – [a] a painful stimulus causes withdrawal reflex on the same side and extensor activation on the opposite side of body.

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Nociceptors – function [a] These free nerve endings sense pain.

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[q]

Which term describes a change in the internal or external environment?[a]stimulus

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Which structure in the body senses a change and creates a nerve impulse?[a]receptor

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Which type of neuron carries impulse into the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)?[a]sensory neuron

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Which term describes the area of brain or spinal cord where sensory and motor neurons communicate?[a]integration center

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Which type of neuron carries nerve impulse out of the integration center to the effector?[a]motor neuron

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Which type of structure creates a response in a reflex?[a]effector

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Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons together in the integration center?[a]association neuron/interneuron

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Which type of reflexes is it if the integration center is located in spinal cord matter?[a]Spinal Reflexes

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Which type of reflexes is it if the integration center is located in the brain nuclei?[a] Cranial Reflexes

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Which type of reflex is it where the effector is skeletal muscle?[a]Somatic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the effector is cardiac, smooth muscle or glands?[a]Autonomic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the stimulus is detected by muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?[a]Proprioceptive Reflexes

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Which type of reflex is it where the stimulus is detected by nociceptors?[a]Withdrawal reflexes

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Which type of reflexes occur where stimulus is in the viscera, response in the soma?[a] Visceral-Somatic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the stimulus in the soma (musculoskeletal system) causes response in viscera?[a] Somato-Visceral Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where there is only one synapse in the arc?[a] Monosynaptic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where there is more than one synapse in the arc?[a] Polysynaptic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the receptor and effector are innervated by the same cord segment?[a] Monosegmental Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the interneurons spread responses to adjacent segments?[a] Polysegmental Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the receptor and effector are on the same side of the body?[a]Ipsilateral Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the receptor is on one side and effectors are on both sides?[a]Contralateral Reflex

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Which type of reflex causes excitation of the effector?[a]Excitatory Reflex

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Which type of reflex causes inhibition of the effector?[a]Inhibitory Reflex

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Which type of reflex causes inhibition of an antagonist when the agonist is stimulated?[a]Reciprocal Innervation

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Which type of reflex causes contraction when a muscle is stretched quickly?[a]Stretch Reflex

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Which type of reflex causes a muscle to relax when a muscle or tendon is stretched for a while?[a]Golgi Tendon Reflex

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Which proprioceptor is located in the belly of the muscle?[a]Muscle Spindle

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Which is the proprioceptor located in the musculotendinous junction?[a]Golgi Tendon Organ

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Which type of reflex occurs when the limb is pulled away (withdrawn) from a painful stimulus due to activation of the flexor muscles?[a]Flexor/Withdraw Reflex

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Which type of reflex occurs when a painful stimulus causes withdrawal reflex on the same side and extensor activation on the opposite side of body?[a]Crossed Extensor Reflex

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Which free nerve endings sense pain?[a]Nociceptors

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