Brain Deck 1
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THE BRAIN – weight[a]3 lbs.
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MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN[a] BRAIN STEM, DIENCEPHALON, CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM
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DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN STEM[a]The MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, MIDBRAIN
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DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRUM[a]The CEREBRAL CORTEX and BASAL GANGLIA (aka CEREBRAL NUCLEI)
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DIVISIONS OF THE DIENCEPHALON[a]The THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS
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The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by way of what structures?[a]peduncles
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MENINGEAL LAYER of dura mater adheres to what?[a] The inner layer of the dura materadheres to the arachnoid mater.
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PERIOSTEAL LAYER of dura mater adheres to what?[a]The the outer layer of dura mater adheres to the periosteum.
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FALX CEREBRI – location[a] This structure of the dura mater & arachnoid mater sticks down between the 2 halves of the cerebrum.
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SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS – describe[a] This structure contains a large blood vessel in the space between the meningeal & periosteal layers of dura mater, within the Falx Cerebri
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – function[a] MECHANICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL PROTECTION and CIRCULATION
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CHOROID PLEXUSES – describe[a]These the tufts of capillaries around the ventricles make CSF.
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ARACHNOID VILLI – function[a]These projections of the arachnoid mater into the Superior Sagital Sinus reabsorb the CSF.
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MEDULLA OBLONGATA – contents[a] DECUSATION OF PYRAMIDs, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS, ASCENDING TRACTS, INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLEs, vital and non vital reflexes.
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DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS – function[a]Where 90-95% of neurons in PYRAMIDAL TRACTS cross over.
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INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE – function[a]This structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum.
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VITAL REFLEX CENTERS – list[a]MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER, CARDIAC CENTER, VASOMOTOR CENTER
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MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER – function[a]This center controls the basic RATE and DEPTH of breathing.
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CARDIAC CENTER – function[a]This center controls the heart rate and blood pressure.
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VASOMOTOR CENTER – function[a]This center controls the constriction and dilation of blood vessels.
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NON-VITAL REFLEX CENTERS – list[a] reflexes of swallowing, coughing, gagging, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping, yawning and salivation
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VESTIBULAR NUCLEI – function[a]These nuclei in medulla help to maintain balance and equilibrium (has the righting reflexes).
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PONS – contains[a] PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS, MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, BREATHING CENTERS
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MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – location and function[a]These structures attach the pons to the cerebellum.
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Brain Deck 1 reversed
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The MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, MIDBRAIN are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a] THE BRAIN STEM
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The CEREBRAL CORTEX and BASAL GANGLIA (aka CEREBRAL NUCLEI)are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a]DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRUM
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The THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a]DIVISIONS OF THE DIENCEPHALON
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Which structure of the brain is entirely connected to the rest by peduncles?[a] cerebellum
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Which forms the inner layer of the dura mater?[a] MENINGEAL LAYER of dura mater
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Which layer forms the outer layer of dura mater?[a] PERIOSTEAL LAYER of dura mater
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Which structure of the dura mater & arachnoid mater sticks down between the 2 halves of the cerebrum?[a]FALX CEREBRI
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Which structure contains a large blood vessel in the space between the meningeal & periosteal layers of dura mater, within the Falx Cerebri?[a]SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS
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Which type of fluid provides MECHANICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL PROTECTION and CIRCULATION in the CNS?[a]CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
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Name the tufts of capillaries around the ventricles that make CSF.[a]CHOROID PLEXUSES
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Name the projections of the arachnoid mater into the Superior Sagital Sinus which reabsorb the CSF.[a]ARACHNOID VILLI
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Which structure contains DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDs, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS, ASCENDING TRACTS, INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLEs, vital and non vital reflexes?[a]MEDULLA OBLONGATA
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Where in the brian do 90-95% of neurons in PYRAMIDAL TRACTS cross over?[a]DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS
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Which structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum?[a]INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
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Which type of centers include the MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER, CARDIAC CENTER, VASOMOTOR CENTER?[a]VITAL REFLEX CENTERS
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Which center controls the basic RATE and DEPTH of breathing?[a]MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER
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Which center controls the heart rate and blood pressure?[a]CARDIAC CENTER
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Which center controls the constriction and dilation of blood vessels?[a]VASOMOTOR CENTER
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Which type of centers have nuclei that control reflexes of swallowing, coughing, gagging, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping, yawning and salivation?[a]NON-VITAL REFLEX CENTERS
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Which nuclei in medulla help to maintain balance and equilibrium? (has the righting reflexes)?[a]VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
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Where are PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS, MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, BREATHING CENTERS located?[a]PONS
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Which structure attaches the pons to the cerebellum?[a]MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
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Brain Deck 2
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MIDBRAIN – location[a]the superior section of the brain stem
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MIDBRAIN – contains[a] PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING TRACTS, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES, SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, RED NUCLEI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located.
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SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – function[a]connects the midbrain to the cerebellum
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RED NUCLEI – function[a]These midbain nuclei send motor impulses that control muscle tone.
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SUBSTANTIA NIGRA – location/function[a]This group of cell bodies have axons that synapse in basal ganglia, release DOPAMINE as neurotransmitters and help smooth movements.
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PARKINSON’S DISEASE is caused by damage to what part of the brain?[a]substantia nigra
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CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA – function[a]This area contains the reflex center for head & neck movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
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SUPERIOR COLLICULI – function[a]This area contains the reflex centers for EYE, HEAD, and NECK movements in response to VISUAL stimuli.
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INFERIOR COLLICULI – function[a]This area contains the reflex center for the head and neck movements in response to AUDITORY stimuli
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THALAMUS – function[a]This brain structure is composed of 2 oval masses and acts as a giant relay center for ALL senses except smell.
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HYPOTHALAMUS – function[a]This brain structure is a major control center for the ANS and endocrine system and monitors it’s own blood flow to adjust homeostasis.
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The HYPOTHALAMUS controls which gland?[a] Pituitary gland
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LIMBIC SYSTEM – function[a]This part of the brain deals with emotions and memory.
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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)- function[a]This system filters sensory information going to the cerebral cortex.
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LONGITUDINAL FISSURE – location[a]This structure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.
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SULCUS/SULCI – describe[a]Shallow indentation(s) of the brain
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GYRUS/GYRI – describe[a]Raised part(s) of the brain between two sulci
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INSULAR LOBE – location[a]This structure is an infolding of the cortex, not exposed to the meninges and located deep to the Temporal Lobes
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CENTRAL SULCUS – location[a]This feature divides the frontal and parietal lobes.
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PRECENTRAL GYRUS – location[a]This structure located anterior to central sulcus on frontal lobe is the origin point of Pyramidal and Corticospinal tracts.
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POSTCENTRAL GYRUS – location[a]This structure located posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe is where 3rd order neurons create conscious awareness of general senses information.
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BASAL GANGLIA – function[a]This nuclei in the cerebrum control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) regulate muscle tone and initiate movement.
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CEREBRAL CORTEX – location[a]This structure composes the most superficial layer of the cerebrum – 2 to 4 mm thick.
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Frontal lobe – function[a]This part of the brain is responsible for motor control and a large part of the control of what you do (and don’t do).
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Temporal lobe – function[a]This part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sound and also your sense of self.
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Occipital lobe – function[a]What part of the brain is responisible for vision.
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Brain Deck 2 reversed
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What is the superior section of the brain stem?[a]MIDBRAIN
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Where are PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING TRACTS, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES, SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, RED NUCLEI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located?[a]MIDBRAIN
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Which structures connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?[a]SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
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Which midbain nuclei send motor impulses that control muscle tone?[a]RED NUCLEI
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Which group of cell bodies have axons that synapse in basal ganglia, release DOPAMINE as neurotransmitters and help smooth movements?[a]SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
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Which disease is due to death of substantia nigra cells resulting in lack of dopamine?[a] PARKINSON’S DISEASE .
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Which area contains the reflex center for head & neck movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli?[a]CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
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Which area contains the reflex centers for EYE, HEAD, and NECK movements in response to VISUAL stimuli?[a]SUPERIOR COLLICULI
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Which area contains the reflex center for the head and neck movements in response to AUDITORY stimuli?[a]INFERIOR COLLICULI
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Which brain structure is composed of 2 oval masses and acts as a giant relay center for ALL senses except smell?[a]THALAMUS
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Which brain structure is a major control center for the ANS and endocrine system and monitors it’s own blood flow to adjust homeostasis?[a]HYPOTHALAMUS
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Which brain structure controls the Pituitary gland?[a]The HYPOTHALAMUS
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Which part of the brain deals with emotions and memory?[a]LIMBIC SYSTEM
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Which system filters sensory information going to the cerebral cortex?[a]RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)
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Which is the largest structure of the brain?[a]CEREBRUM
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Which structure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?[a]LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
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Shallow indentation(s) of the brain are known as?[a]SULCUS/SULCI
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Raised part(s) of the brain between two sulci are known as?[a]GYRUS/GYRI
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Which structure is an infolding of the cortex, not exposed to the meninges and located deep to the Temporal Lobes?[a]INSULAR LOBE
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Which feature divides the frontal and parietal lobes?[a]CENTRAL SULCUS
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Which structure located anterior to central sulcus on frontal lobe is the origin point of Pyramidal and Corticospinal tracts?[a]PRECENTRAL GYRUS
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Which structure is located posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe?[a]POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
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Which nuclei in the cerebrum control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) regulate muscle tone and initiate movement?[a]BASAL GANGLIA
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Which structure composes the most superficial layer of the cerebrum – 2 to 4 mm thick?[a]CEREBRAL CORTEX
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Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control and a large part of the control of what you do (and don’t do)?[a]Frontal lobe
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What part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sound and also your sense of self?[a]Temporal lobe
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What part of the brain is responisible for vision?[a]Occipital lobe
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Brain Deck 3
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PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA – location[a] PARIETAL LOBES
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SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area determines the shape and texture of an object without looking.
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PRIMARY VISUAL AREA – location[a] OCCIPITAL LOBES
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PRIMARY VISUAL AREA – function[a]This brain area functions to provide perception of color, shape & contrast.
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VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area functions to give meaning to what we see.
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PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area is located in the TEMPORAL LOBES and functions to perceive pitch, volume and rhythm.
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multimodal association (gnostic) area function[a]This brain area and integrates all sensory information for global processing.
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AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area interprets and understands sounds.
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WERNIKE’S AREA – location/function[a]This brain area on the left temporal lobe translates words into thoughts.
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PRIMARY GUSTATORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area in the INSULA and PARIETAL LOBES perceives the 5 tastes: BITTER, SWEET, SOUR, UMAMI, and SALTY.
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OLFACTORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area located deep on TEMPORAL LOBE and on part of FRONTAL LOBE perceives the sense of smell.
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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA – location[a]This brain area is located in the PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS of the FRONTAL LOBE
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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA – function[a]This brain area controls PRECISE COORDINATED movements.
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MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA – location[a]This brain area is located on the FRONTAL LOBE just anterior to the Primary Motor Area.
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MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area stores patterns of learned movements. (ENGRAMS)
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BROCA’S AREA – location[a]This brain area is located only on left side of frontal lobe.
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BROCA’S AREA – function[a]This brain area functions as the MOTOR SPEECH AREA.
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LEFT HEMISPHERE – overall functions[a]This hemisphere is associated with verbal, analytical, logical processes, basically with a narrow focus.
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RIGHT HEMISPHERE – overall functions[a]This hemisphere is associated with intuitive and artistic functions, spatial relationships, pattern and face recognition, basically with a broad focus.
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COMMISURAL TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect the 2 hemispheres in the horizontal plane. Example: CORPUS CALLOSUM.
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PROJECTION TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS. Example: pyramidal tracts.
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CORONA RADIATA – function[a]These motor and sensory PROJECTION TRACTS spread their shafts from the midbrain to the cerebrum.
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ASSOCIATION TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect gyri within the SAME hemisphere.
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CEREBELLUM – function[a]This brain structure is responsible for MUSCLE TONE, EQUILIBRIUM, and MUSCLE COORDINATION.
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What kind of information does the cerebellum need to do its job?[a]proprioception from muscles and joints about actual movement AND motor instructions from the frontal lobe.
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Brain Deck 3 reversed
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Which brain area is located on the postcentral gyrus of PARIETAL LOBES?[a]PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA
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Which brain area determines the shape and texture of an object without looking?[a]SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA
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Which brain area is located on the OCCIPITAL LOBES?[a]PRIMARY VISUAL AREA
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Which brain area functions to provide perception of color, shape & contrast?[a]PRIMARY VISUAL AREA
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Which brain area functions to give meaning to what we see?[a]VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA
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Which brain area is located in the TEMPORAL LOBES and functions to perceive pitch, volume and rhythm?[a]PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA
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Which brain area integrates all sensory information for a fuller understanding?[a]multimodal association (gnostic) area
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Which brain area interprets and understands sounds?[a]AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA
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Which brain area on the left temporal lobe translates words into thoughts?[a]WERNIKE’S AREA
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Which brain area in the INSULA and PARIETAL LOBES perceives the 5 tastes: BITTER, SWEET, UMAMI, SOUR, and SALTY?[a]
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Which brain area perceives taste?[a]PRIMARY GUSTATORY AREA
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Which brain area located deep on TEMPORAL LOBE and on part of FRONTAL LOBE perceives the sense of smell?[a]OLFACTORY AREA
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Which brain area is located in the PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS of the FRONTAL LOBE?[a]PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
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Which brain area controls PRECISE COORDINATED movements?[a]PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
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Which brain area is located on the FRONTAL LOBE just anterior to the Primary Motor Area?[a]MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA
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Which brain area stores patterns of learned movements(ENGRAMS)?[a]MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA
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Which brain area is located only on left side of frontal lobe?[a]BROCA’S AREA
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Which brain area functions as the MOTOR SPEECH AREA?[a]BROCA’S AREA
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Which hemisphere is associated with verbal, analytical, logical processes, basically with a narrow focus?[a]LEFT HEMISPHERE
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Which hemisphere is associated with intuitive and artistic functions, spatial relationships, pattern and face recognition, basically with a broad focus?[a]RIGHT HEMISPHERE
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Which type of tracts connect the 2 hemispheres so theh left brain knows what the right brain is up to?[a] Ccommissural tracts. Example: CORPUS CALLOSUM.
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Which type of tracts interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS?[a] Projection tracts. i.e. pyramidal tracts.
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Which motor and sensory PROJECTION TRACTS spread their shafts from the midbrain to the cerebrum?[a]CORONA RADIATA
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Which type of tracts interconnect gyri within the SAME hemisphere?[a]ASSOCIATION TRACTS
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Which brain structure is responsible for MUSCLE TONE, EQUILIBRIUM, and MUSCLE COORDINATION?[a]CEREBELLUM
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What part of the brain gets proprioception from muscles and joints about actual movement AND motor instructions from the frontal lobe?[a] the cerebellum
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During which stage of muscle activation does the cerebellum compare intended movement with the actual movement?[a] COMPARISON
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