Vertebrae [qdeck]

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What structure is made of 80 bones[a] the axial skeleton

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What structure is made of 126 bones[a]the appendicular skeleton

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What structure is made of 26 bones[a] vertebral column

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Which part of the VC is made of 7 bones[a] cervical

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Which part of the VC is made of 12 bones[a] thoracic

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Which part of the VC is made of 5 bones[a]lumbar

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What structure is made of 5 fused vertebrae[a] sacrum

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posterior (primary) curves – list[a]thoracic and sacral curves

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anterior (secondary) curves – list[a] the cervical and lumbar curves

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What is the lowest bone in the vertebral column/[a] the coccyx

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What are the most anterior structure of vertebra?[a] the body of the vertebra

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What are the pedicles?[a]These are the “bridges” between the body and the transverse processes of the vertebrae (Each has a superior and inferior VERTEBRAL NOTCH.)

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What are the laminae?[a]These are the “bridges” between the transverse processes and spinous processes of the vertebrae (When the column is stacked they form the LAMINAR GROOVE.)

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What is the neural arch?[a]This structure is formed by the pedicles and laminae on the posterior portion of the vertebra.

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What are the transverse processes?[a]These are located on each side of a vertebra, point laterally and are used for muscle and rib attachment in the thoracic region.

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Where are the spinous process[a]These are the most posterior portion of a vertebra.

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What are the SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS and INFERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS for?[a]These structures forms joints with adjacent vertebrae

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The POSTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS are composed of which processes?[a]These joints are formed by the inferior and superior articular processes of the posterior vertebrae.

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Where are the ANTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS/ SYMPHYSES?[a]These are the joints located between the vertebral bodies.

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intervertebral disc – structure[a] fibrocartilage surrounnding a colloid (acts like a shock absorber)

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The annulus fibrosus is part of what?[a] fibrocartilage outer part of a disc

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The nucleus pulposus is part of what?[a] gelatinous fluid within a disc

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transverse foramina – location[a] small holes in the transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae

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bifid spinous processes – location[a] the spinous processes of C2-C6 forked to accommodate the nuchal ligament

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C1 aka[a] the atlas

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C2 aka[a] the axis

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Which bones make up the atlantooccipital joint[a] the atlas and condyles (rounded bumps) of the occipital bone of the skull

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What movement does the atlantoaxial joint allow for[a]This joint permits neck rotation. (Looks like shaking your head “no” and is a synovial pivot joint.)

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vertebra prominens – location[a] C7

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Vertebrae reversed [qdeck]

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What is located at C7?[a]vertebra prominens

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What is the joint that permits neck rotation? (Looks like shaking your head “no” and is a synovial pivot joint.)[a]the atlantoaxial joint

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What is the joint between the atlas and condyles (rounded bumps) of the occipital bone of the skull?[a] the atlantooccipital joint

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What vertebea forms the axis?[a]C2

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What vertebrea forms the atlas?[a]C1

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How are the spinous processes of C2-C6 different?[a]bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina

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What are the small holes in the transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae?[a]transverse foramina

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What is the gelatinous fluid within a disc?[a]The nucleus pulposus

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What is the collagenous(fibrous) outer part of a disc?[a]The annulus fibrosus

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What is made of fibrocartilage and acts like a shock absorber?[a]intervertebral disc

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What are the joints located between the vertebral bodies?[a] ANTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS/ SYMPHYSES

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What joints are formed by the inferior and superior articular processes of the posterior vertebrae?[a]The POSTERIOR INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS

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What structures forms the posterior joints with adjacent vertebrae?[a] the SUPERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS and INFERIOR ARTICULAR FACETS

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What is located on the most posterior portion of a vertebra?[a] the spinous process

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What is located on each side of a vertebra, point laterally and are used for muscle and rib attachment in the thoracic region?[a] the transverse processes

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What is the structure formed by the pedicles and laminae on the posterior portion of the vertebra?[a] the neural arch

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What are the “bridges” between the transverse processes and spinous processes of the vertebrae? (When the column is stacked they form the LAMINAR GROOVE)[a]the laminae

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What are the “bridges” between the body and the transverse processes of the vertebrae? (Each has a superior and inferior VERTEBRAL NOTCH.)[a] the pedicles

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Where is the body of the vertebra?[a] the most anterior structure of vertebra

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What are the cervical and lumbar curves?[a]anterior (secondary) curves

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What are the thoracic and sacral curves?[a]posterior (primary) curves

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What is the sacrum made of?[a] 5 fused vertebrae

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What is the number of lumbar vertebrae?[a] 5 bones

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What is the number of thoracic vertebrae?[a] 12 bones

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What is the number of cervical vertebrae?[a] 7 bones

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What is the number of bones in the vertebral column?[a]of 26 bones

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What is the number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?[a]126 bones

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What is the number of bones in the axial skeleton?[a] 80 bones

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What is the number of bones in the entire skeleton?[a]206 bones

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Vertebral column thorax and skull [qdeck]

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COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS – describe[a]These joints are located between the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and the heads of the ribs.

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List the bones of the the thorax[a]the ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum compose.

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True Ribs aka[a]These are the vertebrosternal ribs

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False Ribs aka[a]These are the vertebrochondral and floating ribs.

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costal cartilage – describe[a] This binds ribs to sternum.

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xiphoid process – describe[a]That is the lowest portion of the sternum and the site of muscle attachment for diaphragm and rectus abdominus.

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GOMPHOSES – location[a]These type of joints are located between the teeth and alveoli.

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SUTURES – location[a]These type of joints bind the cranial bones together.

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Sagittal suture – location[a] the suture between parietal bones.

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Coronal suture – location[a] the suture between frontal and parietal bones.

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Squamosal suture – location[a]the suture between temporal bones and parietal/frontal/sphenoid bones.

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Lambdoidal suture – location[a] the suture between occipital and parietal bones.

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Fontanels – location[a] The “soft spots” on infants heads where the bones of the skull have not ossified.

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incus aka[a] anvil.

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malleus aka[a] hammer.

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stapes aka[a] stirrup. (it even looks like one)

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Vertebral column thorax and skull reversed [qdeck]

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Which auditory ossicle is called the stirrup? [a]stapes

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Which auditory ossicle is called the hammer?[a]malleus

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Which auditory ossicle is called the anvil?[a]incus

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Name the “soft spots” on infants heads where the bones of the skull have not ossified.[a]Fontanels

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Name the suture between occipital and parietal bones.[a]Lambdoidal suture

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Name the suture between temporal bones and parietal/frontal/sphenoid bones.[a]Squamosal suture

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Name the suture between frontal and parietal bones.[a]Coronal suture

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Name the suture between parietal bones.[a]Sagittal suture

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Which type of joints bind the cranial bones together?[a]SUTURES

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Which type of joints are located between the teeth and alveoli?[a]GOMPHOSES

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What is the lowest portion of the sternum and the site of muscle attachment for diaphragm and rectus abdominus?[a]xiphoid process

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What attaches ribs to sternum?[a]costal cartilage

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Which are the vertebrochondral and floating ribs?[a] False Ribs

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Which are the vertebrosternal ribs[a]True Ribs

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What do the bones of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae and sternum compose?[a]the thorax

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Which joints are located between the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and the heads of the ribs?[a]COSTOVERTEBRAL JOINTS

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skull [qdeck]

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NASAL BONES – describe [a] the bridge of the nose.

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INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE – describe [a]These scroll shaped bones articulate with the ethmoid.

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VOMER – describe [a] the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

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ZYGOMATIC (MALAR) BONES – describe [a] These bones form the prominence of the cheeks and part of orbit.

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the cranial bones – list [a] frontal (1), parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital (1), ethmoid (1), and sphenoid (1).

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PALATINE BONES – describe [a] These are the “L” shaped bones that contribute to the roof of the mouth.

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LACRIMAL BONES – describe [a]These are the smallest bones of the face and lie in the medial walls of the orbits.

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List the Facial bones:[a]the nasal (2), maxilla (2), lacrimal (2), zygomatic (2), mandible (1), inferior nasal conchae (2), palatine (2), vomer (1)

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foramen magnum – function [a]This is the hole through which the spinal cord exits the cranium.

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occipital condyles – function [a]These features articulate with the superior articular processes of the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint.

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supraorbital ridge – location [a]This is the ridge forming superior margin of orbit of the frontal bone.

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PARIETAL BONES – function [a]These bones form the side walls and bulk of the roof of the cranium.

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OCCIPITAL BONE – function [a]This bone forms the lower cranial floor.

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external auditory meatus – location [a]This is the canal through the temporal bone.

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mandibular fossa – describe [a]This is the indentation anterior to the auditory meatus of the temporal bone that receives the mandibular condyle o form the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT.

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styloid process – describe [a]This projects down from the temporal bone and suspends the hyoid

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mastoid process – describe [a]large rounded bumps that serve as a muscle attachment for the sternocleidomastiod. (temporal)

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sella turcica – describe [a] “seat” or “saddle” for the pituitary gland. (sphenoid)

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ETHMOID – describe [a]This forms most of nasal cavity, a tiny part of cranial floor and some of the orbit.

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crista galli “cock’s comb” – describe [a]This structure which anchors the DURA MATER of the brain to the ethmoid bone.

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turbinates – describe [a]These are the scroll-shaped projections covered by a mucous membrane that extend from the labyrinths into the cavity of ethmoid.

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MANDIBLE – describe [a] the lower jawbone.

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mandibular condyle – describe [a]This is the rounded projection on the posterior aspect of the ramus that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

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alveolar ridge w/ alveoli – describe [a]These are the portions of the mandible and maxillae that receive teeth.

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MAXILLARY BONES- describe [a] the upper jaw bones.

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skull reversed [qdeck]

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What is the name of the upper jaw bones?[a]MAXILLARY BONES

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What is the portion of the mandible and maxillae that receive teeth?[a]alveolar ridge w/ alveoli

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What is the rounded projection on the posterior aspect of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone?[a]mandibular condyle

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What is the name of the lower jawbone?[a]MANDIBLE

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What are the scroll-shaped projections covered by mucous membrane that extend from the labyrinths into the cavity of ethmoid?[a]turbinates

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What is the structure which anchors the DURA MATER of the brain to the ethmoid bone?[a]crista galli “cock’s comb”

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What forms most of nasal cavity, a tiny part of cranial floor and some of the orbit?[a]ETHMOID

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What serves as a “seat” or “saddle” for the pituitary gland?[a]sella turcica

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What is the “keystone” of the skull?[a]SPHENOID BONE

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What are the large rounded bumps that serve as a muscle attachment for the sternocleidomastiod?[a] mastoid process

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What projects down from the temporal bone and suspends the hyoid?[a] styloid process

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What is the indentation anterior to the auditory meatus of the temporal bone that receives the mandibular condyle to form the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT?[a]mandibular fossa

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What is the canal through the temporal bone?[a]external auditory meatus

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Which bone forms the lower cranial floor?[a]OCCIPITAL BONE

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Which bones form the side walls and bulk of the roof of the cranium?[a]PARIETAL BONE

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What is the ridge forming superior margin of orbit of the frontal bone?[a]supraorbital ridge

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What features articulate with the superior articular processes of the atlas to form the atlantooccipital joint?[a]occipital condyles

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What is the hole through which the spinal cord exits the cranium?[a]foramen magnum

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Which are the smallest bones of the face and lie in the medial walls of the orbits?[a]LACRIMAL BONES

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Which are the “L” shaped bones that contribute to the roof of the mouth?[a]PALATINE BONES

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Which bones form the prominence of the cheeks and part of orbit?[a]ZYGOMATIC (MALAR) BONES

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Which bone forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum?[a]VOMER

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Which scroll shaped bones articulate with the ethmoid?[a]INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

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What bones make the bridge of the nose?[a]NASAL BONES

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What are the only freely movable joints of the skull?[a]TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS (TMJ)

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Muscle histology [qdeck]

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SMOOTH MUSCLE – describe[a]This type of muscle is INVOLUNTARY and NON-STRIATED.

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SMOOTH MUSCLE – location[a]This type of muscle is found in the digestive tract and blood vessels.

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CARDIAC MUSCLE – describe[a]This type of muscle is STRIATED AND INVOLUNTARY.

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SKELETAL MUSCLE – describe[a]This type of muscle is STRIATED AND VOLUNTARY.

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SARCOLEMMA – define[a]This is the name of muscle fiber membrane.

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ENDOMYSIUM – define[a]This is the name of the sheet of loose connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell.

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FASCICLES – define[a]This is a group of muscle fibers surrounded by connective tissue called the PERIMYSIUM.

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EPIMYSIUM – define[a]This is the name of the outer wrapping of the muscle.

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MYOFIBRILS – define[a]This is the name of the fine fibers found within the sarcolemma.

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MYOFILAMENTS are made of what?[a]Myosin and actin.

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SARCOMERES – define[a]These are repeating subunits that make up the myofibril.

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Z-lines – define[a]This is the structure that marks the ends of a sarcomere.

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Tropomyosin – define[a]This is the name of the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed.

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T-TUBULES – define[a]This is the name of the tubules that penetrate the sarcomere from the surface of the cell.

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The SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM stores what?[a]This structure stores Ca++ inside the muscle cell.

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MOTOR UNIT – define[a]This is a motor neuron and the muscle cells it innervates.

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How many muscle cells do smaller motor units have?[a]Small motor units have as few as 3-5 muscle cells per neuron.

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How many muscle cells do larger motor units have?[a]Large motor units have as many as 1000 muscle cells per neuron.

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MYONEURAL or NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION – define[a]synapse between the motor neuron and the muscle cell meet.

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THE ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE – define[a]This principle states: there is no such thing as a partial contraction of a muscle fiber.

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Spasm – define[a]This is a sustained muscle contraction due to excessive neuromuscular activity. They can be short-term or long-term.

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HYPOTONIA – define[a]Decreased muscle tone

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ATONIA – define[a]Loss of muscle tone characteristic of paralysis)

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HYPERTONIA – define[a]Increased muscle tone

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Slow twitch muscle fibers – define[a]These are muscle fibers with lots of mitochondria, capillaries (aerobic) and resistance to fatigue.

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Fast twitch muscle fibers – define[a]This are muscle fibers that are strong, rapid, and fatigue easily.

[[/qdeck]

Muscle histology reversed [qdeck]

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What muscle fibers are strong, rapid, and fatigue easily?[a]Fast twitch muscle fibers

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What are muscle fibers with lots of mitochondria, capillaries (aerobic) and resistance to fatigue?[a]Slow twitch muscle fibers

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Increased muscle tone is called?[a]HYPERTONIA

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Loss of muscle tone is called? (Characteristic of paralysis)[a]ATONIA

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Decreased muscle tone is called?[a]HYPOTONIA

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What is a sustained muscle contraction due to excessive neuromuscular activity? They can be short-term or long-term.[a]Spasm

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What principle states: “There is no such thing as a partial contraction of a muscle fiber?”[a]THE ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE

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ACETYLCHOLINE is an example of what?[a]NEUROTRANSMITTER

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Where do the motor neuron and the muscle cell meet?[a]MYONEURAL or NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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Which motor units have as many as 1000 muscle cells per neuron?[a] larger motor units, i.e. in the quads

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Which motor units have as few as 2-5 muscle cells per neuron?[a]smaller motor units, i.e. in the hands and face for fine motor control

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What is the structure that includes the neuron and the muscle cells it innervates?[a]MOTOR UNIT

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What structure stores Ca++ inside the muscle cell?[a]The SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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What is the name of the tubules that penetrate the sarcomere from the surface of the cell?[a]T-TUBULES

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What is the name of the protein that covers the binding sites when the muscle is relaxed?[a]Tropomyosin/Troponin Complex

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What is the structure that marks the ends of a sarcomere?[a]Z-lines

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What is the name of the repeating subunits that compose the myofibril?[a]SARCOMERES

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Myosin and actin compose what structure?[a]MYOFILAMENTS

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What is the name of the fine fibers found within the sarcolemma?[a]MYOFIBRILS

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What is the name of the outer wrapping of the muscle?[a]EPIMYSIUM

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What is the name of groups of fibers surrounded by PERIMYSIUM?[a]FASCICLES

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What is the name of the sheet of loose connective tissue surrounding a muscle cell?[a]ENDOMYSIUM

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What is the name of muscle fiber membrane?[a]SARCOLEMMA

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What type of muscle is STRIATED AND VOLUNTARY?[a]SKELETAL MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is MYOGENIC?[a] CARDIAC MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is STRIATED AND INVOLUNTARY?[a]CARDIAC MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is found in the digestive tract and blood vessels?[a]SMOOTH MUSCLE

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What type of muscle is INVOLUNTARY and NON-STRIATED?[a]SMOOTH MUSCLE

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Histology of Skin and Bone [qdeck]

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EPIPHYSIS – define[a] the ends of the bone

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DIAPHYSIS – define[a] the shaft of the bone

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EPIPHYSEAL PLATE – define[a]the junction between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In in growing bone is made up of hyaline cartilage.

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PERIOSTEUM – define[a] a connective tissue layer that surrounds the surfaces of bones

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fibrous layer of PERIOSTEUM – location[a]Outer layer of PERIOSTEUM

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osteogenic layer of PERIOSTEUM – location[a]inner layer of PERIOSTEUM

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INTRAMEMBRANOUS GROWTH – define[a] bone growth that occurs beneath the periosteum

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ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – define[a] hyaline cartilage that covers articular surface of bone

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MEDULLARY CAVITY – define[a] the cavity in middle of diaphysis filled with bone marrow

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ENDOSTEUM – define[a] the connective tissue layer lining the medullary cavity

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NUTRIENT FORAMINA – define[a] the openings in shaft of bone through which blood vessels pass

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OSTEOBLASTS – define[a] the cells that build bone

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OSTEOCLASTS – define[a] the cells that break down bone

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OSTEOCYTES – define[a] the mature bone cells that maintain bone

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MATRIX of bone – describe[a]collagen fibers impregnated with calcium carbonate

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CANCELLOUS (SPONGY) BONE: – describe[a] It is porous with spongy appearance; durable and light.

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COMPACT (DENSE) BONE: – describe[a] densely packed matrix, not porous, forms outer portions of bones and is covered by a periosteum.

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Endochondral Ossification – define[a] bone formation in hyaline cartilage

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MYELOID TISSUE aka [a]bone marrow

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HEMOPOIESIS – define[a]blood cell formation

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Where does HEMOPOIESIS occur?[a] in red marrow only

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yellow bone marrow – define[a]This myeloid tissue does not produce blood cells but serves primarily as a storage site for fat.

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MEMBRANE – define[a]A double layer of tissue that usually lines a space in the body.

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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES – structure[a] a membrane with an epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer

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MUCOUS MEMBRANES – location[a] lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior.

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SEROUS MEMBRANES – location[a]These membranes line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior.

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visceral layer of SEROUS MEMBRANES – define[a] a serous MEMBRANE in contact with the organs within the cavity.

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parietal layer of SEROUS MEMBRANES – define[a] a serous MEMBRANE in contact with the wall of the body cavity

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SEROUS MEMBRANES examples[a]Pericardial and Peritoneal and Pleural membranes forming the internal lining of body cavities.

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skin aka[a]the integumentary system.

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EPIDERMIS – structure[a]STRATIFIED, KERATINIZED, SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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STRATUM BASALE – define[a] the innermost layer of EPIDERMIS

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STRATUM CORNEUM – define[a] the outermost layer of EPIDERMIS

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DERMIS – structure[a]The skin layer composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue.

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DERMIS – contains[a] blood and lymph vessels, white blood cells, hair folllicles, sebacious glands, sudiferous glands nerves that help support the epidermis.

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The superficial fascia – function[a]This fasciae connects the skin to the underlying tissues, insulates, protects, and stores energy in fat.

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The papillary layer of the dermis – function[a]This dermal layer anchors dermis to the epidermis (creates the pattern of the fingerprints).

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HAIR AND NAILS – structure[a] These structures are composed of specialized keratinized epithelial cells which are growing at the base of the shaft and are dead farther away

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arrector pili muscles – function[a]This makes the hair stand erect.

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suderiferous glands – function[a] produce sweat

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sebaceous glands – function[a]These glands secrete sebum which keeps skin from drying out and inhibits the growth of bacteria.

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MELANIN – function[a] absorb ultraviolet radiation

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VITAMIN D – production [a]This vitamin is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight.

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Bone and skin histology reversed [qdeck]

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What vitamin is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight, [necessary for the absorption of calcium in the small intestine] [a]VITAMIN D – production and function

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What pigment absorbs ultraviolet radiation?[a]MELANIN

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What glands secrete sebum which keeps skin from drying out and inhibits the growth of bacteria?[a]sebaceous glands

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What glands produce sweat?[a]suderiferous glands

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What makes the hair stands erect?[a]arrector pili muscles

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What structures are composed of specialized keratinized epithelial cells which are growing at the base of the shaft and are dead farther away?[a]HAIR AND NAILS

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What dermal layer anchors dermis to the epidermis (creates the pattern of the fingerprints)?[a]The papillary layer of the dermis

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What structure connects the skin to the underlying tissues?[a]The superficial fascia

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What skin layer contains blood, lymph vessels, white blood cells, and nerves that help support the epidermis?[a]DERMIS – contains

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What skin layer is composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue?[a]DERMIS – structure

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What is the outermost layer of EPIDERMIS?[a]STRATUM CORNEUM

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What is the innermost layer of EPIDERMIS?[a]STRATUM BASALE

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STRATIFIED, KERATINIZED, SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM makes up what?[a]EPIDERMIS

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the integumentary system. aka[a]skin

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What lines the joint cavities?[a]Synovial MEMBRANES

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What is a serous membrane in contact with the wall of the body cavity?[a]parietal layer of SEROUS MEMBRANES

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What is a serous membrane in contact with the organs within the cavity?[a]visceral layer of SEROUS MEMBRANES

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What kind of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior?[a]SEROUS MEMBRANES

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What kind of membrane lines body cavities that opens directly to the exterior?[a]MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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What is a membrane with an epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer?[a]EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES

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This myeloid tissue does not produce blood cells but serves primarily as a storage site for fat.[a]yellow bone marrow

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What occurs in red marrow only?[a]HEMOPOIESIS

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What is the term for blood cell formation?[a]HEMOPOIESIS

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bone marrow aka [a]MYELOID TISSUE

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What is bone formation in hyaline cartilage?[a]Endochondral Ossification

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What kind of bone is made with densely packed matrix, not porous, forms outer portions of bones and is covered by a periosteum?[a]COMPACT (DENSE) BONE:

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What kind of bone is made with loosely packed matrix. It is porous with spongy appearance; durable and light?[a]CANCELLOUS (SPONGY) BONE:

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What is made of collagen fibers impregnated with calcium carbonate and calcium apatite?[a]MATRIX of bone

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What are the mature bone cells that maintain bone?[a]OSTEOCYTES

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What are the cells that break down bone?[a]OSTEOCLASTS

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What are the cells that build bone?[a]OSTEOBLASTS

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What are the openings in shaft of bone through which blood vessels pass?[a]NUTRIENT FORAMINA

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What is the connective tissue layer lining the medullary cavity?[a]ENDOSTEUM

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What is the cavity in the middle of the diaphysis filled with bone marrow?[a]MEDULLARY CAVITY

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What is hyaline cartilage that covers articular surface of bone?[a]ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

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What is bone growth that occurs beneath the periosteum?[a]INTRAMEMBRANOUS GROWTH

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Inner layer of PERIOSTEUM is called the ?[a]osteogenic layer of PERIOSTEUM

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Outer layer of PERIOSTEUM is composed of what?[a]fibrous layer of PERIOSTEUM

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What is a connective tissue layer that surrounds the surfaces of bones?[a]PERIOSTEUM

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What is bone growth within cartilage called?[a]ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

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What is between the diaphysis and the epiphyses?[a]EPIPHYSEAL PLATE In growing bone is made up of hyaline cartilage.

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What is the shaft of the bone called?[a]DIAPHYSIS

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What are the ends of the bone called?[a]EPIPHYSIS

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What does the skin make in the presence of sunlight, [necessary for the absorption of calcium in the small intestine] [a]Vit D

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General Histology [qdeck]

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HISTOLOGY – define[a] THE STUDY OF TISSUES.

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tissue – define[a]a group of cells that have a matrix between them and function together to carry out specific and specialized activities.

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE – structure[a] This tissue is avascular, has lots of cells, very little matrix and the cells are arranged in sheets of single or multiple layers.

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE makes what structures?[a]The internal and external covering of all surfaces of the body – it also makes glandular tissue.

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Which tissue will protect, absorb, secrete and detec?[a] EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL – structure[a]This epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells.

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STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL – structure[a]This epithelial tissue consists of more than one layer of cells.

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL – structure[a]This epithelial tissue consists of one layer but looks like more than one layer because of the shape of the cells.

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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM – location[a]Thist epithelial tissue is found in the lining of blood vessels and the alveoli of lungs. (where gases are exchanged between the air and blood).

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM – location[a]This epithelial tissue is found lining the upper respiratory tract.

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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM – location[a]This epithelial tissue is found in areas where there’s lots of wear-and-tear: the mouth, the oral cavity, the vagina, the outer surface of the skin.

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TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM – location[a] urinary bladder.

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GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM – function[a]This tissue can secrete a substances. (May be a single cell or group of cells)

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Exocrine glands – notable characteristic[a] ducts

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Endocrine glands – notable characteristics[a]These glands have no ducts and secrete hormones into the tissue fluid to be taken up by the blood.

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a] This is most abundant tissue in the body, contains more matrix than cells and is vascular with the exception of cartilage.

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE – function[a]This tissue functions to support, interconnect and give shape to other structures.

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FIBROBLASTS – function[a] This type of cell secretes fibers to contribute to a matrix.

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MATRIX OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE structure[a] A ground substance with fibers embedded within it.

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COLLAGEN FIBERS – define[a]These fibers are the most common in connective tissue with a high tensile strength with little elasticity.

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ELASTIN FIBERS – define[a]These fibers are composed of elastin, have less tensile strength than collagen but greater elasticity (found in large quantities in blood vessels.)

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RETICULAR FIBERS – define[a]These fibers are like collagen, but thinner and weaker. They form the network for many organs. (liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, etc)

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Vascular tissue – define[a] tissue with blood vessels in it.

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AREOLAR tissue – define[a]This is the most abundant connective tissue in the body, has a watery matrix and is considered the “packing material” of the body.

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ADIPOSE tissue – structure[a]This type of areolar tissue has an abundance of concentrated adipocytes.

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SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE) – define[a]This type of tissue found beneath the skin, is composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue and covers the whole body.

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RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE – define[a]This connective tissue has fibroblasts which produce reticular fibers to form a network that supports the functional cells of the organ.

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DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a]This connective tissue has numerous, thick, densely packed fibers with very few cells.

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DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a]This connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments. The collagen fibers are arranged in parallel bundles.

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DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – structure[a]This tissue has collagen fibers that are densely packed with no particular arrangement.

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DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE – location[a] netting found in the dermis of the skin, deep fascia, periosteum, joint capsules, organ capsules,serous membranes, and cavities)

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ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE – location[a]the ligamentum flavum, walls of the arteries.

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CARTILAGE – structure[a]This type of connective tissue is AVASCULAR and contains chondroblasts and chondrocytes.

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Articular cartilage is composed of which kind of cartilage?[a] HYALINE CARTILAGE

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FIBROCARTILAGE – location[a] SYMPHYSIS joints (discs)

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ELASTIC CARTILAGE – location[a]in the ear, larynx, and epiglottis.

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General Histology reversed [qdeck]

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Which type of cartilage is found in the ear, larynx, and epiglottis?[a]ELASTIC CARTILAGE

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Which type of cartilage is found in SYMPHYSIS joints?[a]FIBROCARTILAGE

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Which kind of cartilage is articular cartilage?[a]hyaline cart.

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Which type of cartilage is the most abundant in the body?[a]HYALINE CARTILAGE

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What type of connective tissue is AVASCULAR and contains chondroblasts and chondrocytes?[a]CARTILAGE

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Which type of tissue is found in the ligamentum flavum, and the arteries?[a]ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What type of connective tissue contains collagen fibers that are densely packed with no particular arrangemens?[a]DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What tissue makes the netting found in the dermis of the skin, deep fascia, periosteum, joint capsules, organ capsules, and serous membranes?[a]DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What type of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments and contains collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles?[a]DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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What type of tissue found beneath the skin, is composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue and essentially covers the whole body?[a]SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE)

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What type of tissue has an abundance of adipocytes?[a]ADIPOSE tissue

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What is the most abundant connective tissue in the body, has a watery matrix and is considered the “packing material” of the body?[a]AREOLAR tissue

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What type of fibers are like collagen, but thinner and weaker; they form the network for many organs? (liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, etc)[a]RETICULAR FIBERS

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What type of tissue fibers have a lot of strength with little elasticity?[a]COLLAGEN FIBERS

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What type of cells are involved with building of tissue by secreting fibers?[a]FIBROBLASTS

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Which tissue functions to support, interconnect and give shape to other structures?[a]CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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Which tissue is the most abundant type of tissue in the body, contains more matrix than cells and is vascular with the exception of cartilage?[a]CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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List the Endocrine glands[a]PANCREAS, PINEAL, THYMUS, GONADS – THE OVARIES AND TESTES, ADRENALS, PARATHYROID, THYROID, PITUITARY GLAND.

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What type of glands have no ducts and secrete hormones into the tissue fluid to be taken up by the blood?[a]Endocrine glands

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List the Exocrine glands[a]CERUMINOUS GLANDS– wax, SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS–sweat, SEBACEOUS GLANDS–sebum (oil), LACRIMAL GLANDS–tears, SALIVARY GLANDS–saliva

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What type of glands have ducts?[a]Exocrine glands

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What type of tissue can produce secretions?[a] GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

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What type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder?[a]TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

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What type of tissue is found in areas where there’s lots of wear-and-tear: the mouth, the oral cavity, the vagina, the outer surface of the skin?[a]STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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What tissue is found lining the upper respiratory tract?[a]PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

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What tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and the alveoli of lungs?(where gases are exchanged between the air and blood)[a]SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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What type of epithelial tissue consists of one layer but looks like more than one layer because of the shape of the cells?[a]PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIAL

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What type of epithelial tissue consists of more than one layer of cells?[a]STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL

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What type of epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cells?[a]SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL

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What are the TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE?[a]COLUMNAR, CUBOIDAL, SQUAMOUS

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What are the FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE?[a] protect, absorb, secrete and detect

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The lining and covering of all surfaces of the body internal and external are composed of this; it also makes glandular tissue.[a]EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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What kind of tissue is avascular, has lots of cells, very little matrix and cells arranged in sheets of single or multiple layers?[a]EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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What are the four major categories of tissues?[a]MUSCLE, CONNECTIVE, NERVOUS,EPITHELIAL

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What is a group of cells held in a matrix with a unified function?[a]a tissue

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