Brain Deck 1 [qdeck]

[q]

THE BRAIN – weight[a]3 lbs.

[q]

MAIN DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN[a] BRAIN STEM, DIENCEPHALON, CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM

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DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN STEM[a]The MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, MIDBRAIN

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DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRUM[a]The CEREBRAL CORTEX and BASAL GANGLIA (aka CEREBRAL NUCLEI)

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DIVISIONS OF THE DIENCEPHALON[a]The THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS

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The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by way of what structures?[a]peduncles

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MENINGEAL LAYER of dura mater adheres to what?[a] The inner layer of the dura materadheres to the arachnoid mater.

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PERIOSTEAL LAYER of dura mater adheres to what?[a]The the outer layer of dura mater adheres to the periosteum.

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FALX CEREBRI – location[a] This structure of the dura mater & arachnoid mater sticks down between the 2 halves of the cerebrum.

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SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS – describe[a] This structure contains a large blood vessel in the space between the meningeal & periosteal layers of dura mater, within the Falx Cerebri

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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – function[a] MECHANICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL PROTECTION and CIRCULATION

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CHOROID PLEXUSES – describe[a]These the tufts of capillaries around the ventricles make CSF.

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ARACHNOID VILLI – function[a]These projections of the arachnoid mater into the Superior Sagital Sinus reabsorb the CSF.

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MEDULLA OBLONGATA – contents[a] DECUSATION OF PYRAMIDs, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS, ASCENDING TRACTS, INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLEs, vital and non vital reflexes.

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DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS – function[a]Where 90-95% of neurons in PYRAMIDAL TRACTS cross over.

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INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE – function[a]This structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum.

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VITAL REFLEX CENTERS – list[a]MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER, CARDIAC CENTER, VASOMOTOR CENTER

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MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER – function[a]This center controls the basic RATE and DEPTH of breathing.

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CARDIAC CENTER – function[a]This center controls the heart rate and blood pressure.

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VASOMOTOR CENTER – function[a]This center controls the constriction and dilation of blood vessels.

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NON-VITAL REFLEX CENTERS – list[a] reflexes of swallowing, coughing, gagging, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping, yawning and salivation

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VESTIBULAR NUCLEI – function[a]These nuclei in medulla help to maintain balance and equilibrium (has the righting reflexes).

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PONS – contains[a] PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS, MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, BREATHING CENTERS

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MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – location and function[a]These structures attach the pons to the cerebellum.

[/qdeck]

Brain Deck 1 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

The MEDULLA OBLONGATA, PONS, MIDBRAIN are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a] THE BRAIN STEM

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The CEREBRAL CORTEX and BASAL GANGLIA (aka CEREBRAL NUCLEI)are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a]DIVISIONS OF THE CEREBRUM

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The THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS are divisions of which structure of the brain?[a]DIVISIONS OF THE DIENCEPHALON

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Which structure of the brain is entirely connected to the rest by peduncles?[a] cerebellum

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Which forms the inner layer of the dura mater?[a] MENINGEAL LAYER of dura mater

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Which layer forms the outer layer of dura mater?[a] PERIOSTEAL LAYER of dura mater

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Which structure of the dura mater & arachnoid mater sticks down between the 2 halves of the cerebrum?[a]FALX CEREBRI

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Which structure contains a large blood vessel in the space between the meningeal & periosteal layers of dura mater, within the Falx Cerebri?[a]SUPERIOR SAGITAL SINUS

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Which type of fluid provides MECHANICAL PROTECTION, CHEMICAL PROTECTION and CIRCULATION in the CNS?[a]CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

[q]

Name the tufts of capillaries around the ventricles that make CSF.[a]CHOROID PLEXUSES

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Name the projections of the arachnoid mater into the Superior Sagital Sinus which reabsorb the CSF.[a]ARACHNOID VILLI

[q]

Which structure contains DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDs, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS, ASCENDING TRACTS, INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLEs, vital and non vital reflexes?[a]MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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Where in the brian do 90-95% of neurons in PYRAMIDAL TRACTS cross over?[a]DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS

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Which structure connects the medulla to the cerebellum?[a]INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

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Which type of centers include the MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER, CARDIAC CENTER, VASOMOTOR CENTER?[a]VITAL REFLEX CENTERS

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Which center controls the basic RATE and DEPTH of breathing?[a]MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTER

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Which center controls the heart rate and blood pressure?[a]CARDIAC CENTER

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Which center controls the constriction and dilation of blood vessels?[a]VASOMOTOR CENTER

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Which type of centers have nuclei that control reflexes of swallowing, coughing, gagging, vomiting, sneezing, hiccuping, yawning and salivation?[a]NON-VITAL REFLEX CENTERS

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Which nuclei in medulla help to maintain balance and equilibrium? (has the righting reflexes)?[a]VESTIBULAR NUCLEI

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Where are PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS, MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, BREATHING CENTERS located?[a]PONS

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Which structure attaches the pons to the cerebellum?[a]MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

[/qdeck]

Brain Deck 2 [qdeck]

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MIDBRAIN – location[a]the superior section of the brain stem

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MIDBRAIN – contains[a] PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING TRACTS, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES, SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, RED NUCLEI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located.

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SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES – function[a]connects the midbrain to the cerebellum

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RED NUCLEI – function[a]These midbain nuclei send motor impulses that control muscle tone.

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SUBSTANTIA NIGRA – location/function[a]This group of cell bodies have axons that synapse in basal ganglia, release DOPAMINE as neurotransmitters and help smooth movements.

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PARKINSON’S DISEASE is caused by damage to what part of the brain?[a]substantia nigra

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CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA – function[a]This area contains the reflex center for head & neck movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.

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SUPERIOR COLLICULI – function[a]This area contains the reflex centers for EYE, HEAD, and NECK movements in response to VISUAL stimuli.

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INFERIOR COLLICULI – function[a]This area contains the reflex center for the head and neck movements in response to AUDITORY stimuli

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THALAMUS – function[a]This brain structure is composed of 2 oval masses and acts as a giant relay center for ALL senses except smell.

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HYPOTHALAMUS – function[a]This brain structure is a major control center for the ANS and endocrine system and monitors it’s own blood flow to adjust homeostasis.

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The HYPOTHALAMUS controls which gland?[a] Pituitary gland

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LIMBIC SYSTEM – function[a]This part of the brain deals with emotions and memory.

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RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)- function[a]This system filters sensory information going to the cerebral cortex.

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LONGITUDINAL FISSURE – location[a]This structure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres.

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SULCUS/SULCI – describe[a]Shallow indentation(s) of the brain

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GYRUS/GYRI – describe[a]Raised part(s) of the brain between two sulci

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INSULAR LOBE – location[a]This structure is an infolding of the cortex, not exposed to the meninges and located deep to the Temporal Lobes

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CENTRAL SULCUS – location[a]This feature divides the frontal and parietal lobes.

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PRECENTRAL GYRUS – location[a]This structure located anterior to central sulcus on frontal lobe is the origin point of Pyramidal and Corticospinal tracts.

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POSTCENTRAL GYRUS – location[a]This structure located posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe is where 3rd order neurons create conscious awareness of general senses information.

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BASAL GANGLIA – function[a]This nuclei in the cerebrum control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) regulate muscle tone and initiate movement.

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CEREBRAL CORTEX – location[a]This structure composes the most superficial layer of the cerebrum – 2 to 4 mm thick.

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Frontal lobe – function[a]This part of the brain is responsible for motor control and a large part of the control of what you do (and don’t do).

[q]

Temporal lobe – function[a]This part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sound and also your sense of self.

[q]

Occipital lobe – function[a]What part of the brain is responisible for vision.

[/qdeck]

Brain Deck 2 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

What is the superior section of the brain stem?[a]MIDBRAIN

[q]

Where are PYRAMIDAL, EXTRAPYRAMIDAL, ASCENDING TRACTS, CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES, SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES, RED NUCLEI, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA & CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA located?[a]MIDBRAIN

[q]

Which structures connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?[a]SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

[q]

Which midbain nuclei send motor impulses that control muscle tone?[a]RED NUCLEI

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Which group of cell bodies have axons that synapse in basal ganglia, release DOPAMINE as neurotransmitters and help smooth movements?[a]SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

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Which disease is due to death of substantia nigra cells resulting in lack of dopamine?[a] PARKINSON’S DISEASE .

[q]

Which area contains the reflex center for head & neck movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli?[a]CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA

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Which area contains the reflex centers for EYE, HEAD, and NECK movements in response to VISUAL stimuli?[a]SUPERIOR COLLICULI

[q]

Which area contains the reflex center for the head and neck movements in response to AUDITORY stimuli?[a]INFERIOR COLLICULI

[q]

Which brain structure is composed of 2 oval masses and acts as a giant relay center for ALL senses except smell?[a]THALAMUS

[q]

Which brain structure is a major control center for the ANS and endocrine system and monitors it’s own blood flow to adjust homeostasis?[a]HYPOTHALAMUS

[q]

Which brain structure controls the Pituitary gland?[a]The HYPOTHALAMUS

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Which part of the brain deals with emotions and memory?[a]LIMBIC SYSTEM

[q]

Which system filters sensory information going to the cerebral cortex?[a]RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)

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Which is the largest structure of the brain?[a]CEREBRUM

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Which structure divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?[a]LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

[q]

Shallow indentation(s) of the brain are known as?[a]SULCUS/SULCI

[q]

Raised part(s) of the brain between two sulci are known as?[a]GYRUS/GYRI

[q]

Which structure is an infolding of the cortex, not exposed to the meninges and located deep to the Temporal Lobes?[a]INSULAR LOBE

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Which feature divides the frontal and parietal lobes?[a]CENTRAL SULCUS

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Which structure located anterior to central sulcus on frontal lobe is the origin point of Pyramidal and Corticospinal tracts?[a]PRECENTRAL GYRUS

[q]

Which structure is located posterior to central sulcus on parietal lobe?[a]POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

[q]

Which nuclei in the cerebrum control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles (arm swing when walking) regulate muscle tone and initiate movement?[a]BASAL GANGLIA

[q]

Which structure composes the most superficial layer of the cerebrum – 2 to 4 mm thick?[a]CEREBRAL CORTEX

[q]

Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control and a large part of the control of what you do (and don’t do)?[a]Frontal lobe

[q]

What part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sound and also your sense of self?[a]Temporal lobe

[q]

What part of the brain is responisible for vision?[a]Occipital lobe

[/qdeck]

Brain Deck 3 [qdeck]

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PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA – location[a] PARIETAL LOBES

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SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area determines the shape and texture of an object without looking.

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PRIMARY VISUAL AREA – location[a] OCCIPITAL LOBES

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PRIMARY VISUAL AREA – function[a]This brain area functions to provide perception of color, shape & contrast.

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VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area functions to give meaning to what we see.

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PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area is located in the TEMPORAL LOBES and functions to perceive pitch, volume and rhythm.

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multimodal association (gnostic) area function[a]This brain area and integrates all sensory information for global processing.

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AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area interprets and understands sounds.

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WERNIKE’S AREA – location/function[a]This brain area on the left temporal lobe translates words into thoughts.

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PRIMARY GUSTATORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area in the INSULA and PARIETAL LOBES perceives the 5 tastes: BITTER, SWEET, SOUR, UMAMI, and SALTY.

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OLFACTORY AREA – location/function[a]This brain area located deep on TEMPORAL LOBE and on part of FRONTAL LOBE perceives the sense of smell.

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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA – location[a]This brain area is located in the PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS of the FRONTAL LOBE

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PRIMARY MOTOR AREA – function[a]This brain area controls PRECISE COORDINATED movements.

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MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA – location[a]This brain area is located on the FRONTAL LOBE just anterior to the Primary Motor Area.

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MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA – function[a]This brain area stores patterns of learned movements. (ENGRAMS)

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BROCA’S AREA – location[a]This brain area is located only on left side of frontal lobe.

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BROCA’S AREA – function[a]This brain area functions as the MOTOR SPEECH AREA.

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LEFT HEMISPHERE – overall functions[a]This hemisphere is associated with verbal, analytical, logical processes, basically with a narrow focus.

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RIGHT HEMISPHERE – overall functions[a]This hemisphere is associated with intuitive and artistic functions, spatial relationships, pattern and face recognition, basically with a broad focus.

[q]

COMMISURAL TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect the 2 hemispheres in the horizontal plane. Example: CORPUS CALLOSUM.

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PROJECTION TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS. Example: pyramidal tracts.

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CORONA RADIATA – function[a]These motor and sensory PROJECTION TRACTS spread their shafts from the midbrain to the cerebrum.

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ASSOCIATION TRACTS – function[a]These tracts interconnect gyri within the SAME hemisphere.

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CEREBELLUM – function[a]This brain structure is responsible for MUSCLE TONE, EQUILIBRIUM, and MUSCLE COORDINATION.

[q]

What kind of information does the cerebellum need to do its job?[a]proprioception from muscles and joints about actual movement AND motor instructions from the frontal lobe.

[/qdeck]

Brain Deck 3 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which brain area is located on the postcentral gyrus of PARIETAL LOBES?[a]PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY AREA

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Which brain area determines the shape and texture of an object without looking?[a]SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA

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Which brain area is located on the OCCIPITAL LOBES?[a]PRIMARY VISUAL AREA

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Which brain area functions to provide perception of color, shape & contrast?[a]PRIMARY VISUAL AREA

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Which brain area functions to give meaning to what we see?[a]VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA

[q]

Which brain area is located in the TEMPORAL LOBES and functions to perceive pitch, volume and rhythm?[a]PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA

[q]

Which brain area integrates all sensory information for a fuller understanding?[a]multimodal association (gnostic) area

[q]

Which brain area interprets and understands sounds?[a]AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA

[q]

Which brain area on the left temporal lobe translates words into thoughts?[a]WERNIKE’S AREA

[q]

Which brain area in the INSULA and PARIETAL LOBES perceives the 5 tastes: BITTER, SWEET, UMAMI, SOUR, and SALTY?[a]

[q]

Which brain area perceives taste?[a]PRIMARY GUSTATORY AREA

[q]

Which brain area located deep on TEMPORAL LOBE and on part of FRONTAL LOBE perceives the sense of smell?[a]OLFACTORY AREA

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Which brain area is located in the PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS of the FRONTAL LOBE?[a]PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

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Which brain area controls PRECISE COORDINATED movements?[a]PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

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Which brain area is located on the FRONTAL LOBE just anterior to the Primary Motor Area?[a]MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA

[q]

Which brain area stores patterns of learned movements(ENGRAMS)?[a]MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA

[q]

Which brain area is located only on left side of frontal lobe?[a]BROCA’S AREA

[q]

Which brain area functions as the MOTOR SPEECH AREA?[a]BROCA’S AREA

[q]

Which hemisphere is associated with verbal, analytical, logical processes, basically with a narrow focus?[a]LEFT HEMISPHERE

[q]

Which hemisphere is associated with intuitive and artistic functions, spatial relationships, pattern and face recognition, basically with a broad focus?[a]RIGHT HEMISPHERE

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Which type of tracts connect the 2 hemispheres so theh left brain knows what the right brain is up to?[a] Ccommissural tracts. Example: CORPUS CALLOSUM.

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Which type of tracts interconnect the cerebrum with other parts of the CNS?[a] Projection tracts. i.e. pyramidal tracts.

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Which motor and sensory PROJECTION TRACTS spread their shafts from the midbrain to the cerebrum?[a]CORONA RADIATA

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Which type of tracts interconnect gyri within the SAME hemisphere?[a]ASSOCIATION TRACTS

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Which brain structure is responsible for MUSCLE TONE, EQUILIBRIUM, and MUSCLE COORDINATION?[a]CEREBELLUM

[q]

What part of the brain gets proprioception from muscles and joints about actual movement AND motor instructions from the frontal lobe?[a] the cerebellum

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During which stage of muscle activation does the cerebellum compare intended movement with the actual movement?[a] COMPARISON

[/qdeck]

Reflexes [qdeck]

[q]

stimulus define – [a] a change in the internal or external environment

[q]

receptor define – [a]this structure senses a change and creates a nerve impulse

[q]

sensory neuron define – [a] this structure carries impulse into the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)

[q]

integration center define – [a] the area of brain or spinal cord where sensory and motor neurons communicate

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motor neuron define – [a]this structure carries a nerve impulse out of the integration center to the effector

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effector define – [a] this structure creates a response in a reflex

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association neuron/interneuron define – [a] This neuron connects sensory and motor neurons together in the integration center

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Where do Spinal Reflexes synapse? [a] in spinal cord matter

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Where do Cranial Reflexes synapse? [a] in the brain nuclei

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Somatic Reflexes use what kind of effector? [a] skeletal muscle

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Autonomic Reflexes use what kind of effector? [a] cardiac, smooth muscle or glands

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Proprioceptive Reflexes use what kind of receptor? [a] muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

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Withdrawal reflexes use what kind of receptor? [a] nociceptors

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How many synapses does a Monosynaptic Reflex have? [a] only one synapse in the arc

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How many synapses does a Polysynaptic Reflex have? [a]more than one synapse in the arc

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How many segments does a Monosegmental Reflex use? [a] One

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How many segments does a Polysegmental Reflex use? [a] more than one

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Ipsilateral Reflex define – [a] the receptor and effector are on the same side of the body

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Contralateral Reflex define – [a] the receptor is on one side and effectors are on both sides

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Excitatory Reflex define – [a] causes excitation of the effector

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Inhibitory Reflex define – [a] causes inhibition of the effector

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Reciprocal Innervation define – [a] causes inhibition of an antagonist when the agonist is stimulated

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Stretch Reflex define – [a] causes contraction when a muscle is stretched quickly

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Golgi Tendon Reflex define – [a] causes a muscle to relax when a muscle or tendon is stretched for a while

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Muscle Spindle – location [a] in the belly of the muscle

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Muscle Approximation define – [a] a technique where the therapist pushes ends of muscle together to slacken it. Turns down spindles, decreases muscle tone.

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Positional release define – [a]In this technique the therapist puts a muscle on slack by changing position of the joint. This is done to decrease muscle tension.

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Golgi Tendon Organ – location [a] musculotendinous junction

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Flexor/Withdraw Reflex descibe – [a]the limb is pulled away (withdrawn) from a painful stimulus due to activation of the flexor muscles.

[q]

Crossed Extensor Reflex describe – [a] a painful stimulus causes withdrawal reflex on the same side and extensor activation on the opposite side of body.

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Nociceptors – function [a] These free nerve endings sense pain.

[/qdeck]

Reflexes reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which term describes a change in the internal or external environment?[a]stimulus

[q]

Which structure in the body senses a change and creates a nerve impulse?[a]receptor

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Which type of neuron carries impulse into the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord)?[a]sensory neuron

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Which term describes the area of brain or spinal cord where sensory and motor neurons communicate?[a]integration center

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Which type of neuron carries nerve impulse out of the integration center to the effector?[a]motor neuron

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Which type of structure creates a response in a reflex?[a]effector

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Which type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons together in the integration center?[a]association neuron/interneuron

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Which type of reflexes is it if the integration center is located in spinal cord matter?[a]Spinal Reflexes

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Which type of reflexes is it if the integration center is located in the brain nuclei?[a] Cranial Reflexes

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Which type of reflex is it where the effector is skeletal muscle?[a]Somatic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the effector is cardiac, smooth muscle or glands?[a]Autonomic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the stimulus is detected by muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?[a]Proprioceptive Reflexes

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Which type of reflex is it where the stimulus is detected by nociceptors?[a]Withdrawal reflexes

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Which type of reflexes occur where stimulus is in the viscera, response in the soma?[a] Visceral-Somatic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the stimulus in the soma (musculoskeletal system) causes response in viscera?[a] Somato-Visceral Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where there is only one synapse in the arc?[a] Monosynaptic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where there is more than one synapse in the arc?[a] Polysynaptic Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the receptor and effector are innervated by the same cord segment?[a] Monosegmental Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the interneurons spread responses to adjacent segments?[a] Polysegmental Reflex

[q]

Which type of reflex is it where the receptor and effector are on the same side of the body?[a]Ipsilateral Reflex

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Which type of reflex is it where the receptor is on one side and effectors are on both sides?[a]Contralateral Reflex

[q]

Which type of reflex causes excitation of the effector?[a]Excitatory Reflex

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Which type of reflex causes inhibition of the effector?[a]Inhibitory Reflex

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Which type of reflex causes inhibition of an antagonist when the agonist is stimulated?[a]Reciprocal Innervation

[q]

Which type of reflex causes contraction when a muscle is stretched quickly?[a]Stretch Reflex

[q]

Which type of reflex causes a muscle to relax when a muscle or tendon is stretched for a while?[a]Golgi Tendon Reflex

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Which proprioceptor is located in the belly of the muscle?[a]Muscle Spindle

[q]

Which is the proprioceptor located in the musculotendinous junction?[a]Golgi Tendon Organ

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Which type of reflex occurs when the limb is pulled away (withdrawn) from a painful stimulus due to activation of the flexor muscles?[a]Flexor/Withdraw Reflex

[q]

Which type of reflex occurs when a painful stimulus causes withdrawal reflex on the same side and extensor activation on the opposite side of body?[a]Crossed Extensor Reflex

[q]

Which free nerve endings sense pain?[a]Nociceptors

[/qdeck]

Upper Extremity Nerves 1 [qdeck]

[q]

Which muscle is innervated by the PHRENIC nerve?[a] the Diaphragm

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Carpi Radialis?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the interossei?[a] the ULNAR nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Brachioradialis?[a] the RADIAL nerve

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the AXILLARY nerve?[a] Teres Minor and Deltoid

[q]

Which nerve innervates Palmaris Longus?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the lumbricals?[a] the ULNAR nerve

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve?[a] Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the RADIAL nerve?[a] Tricep brachii, Anconeus, Brachioradialis, Supinator, the Wrist/Hand Extensors

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the MEDIAN nerve?[a] Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, Flexor Pollicis Longus, the Thenar Eminence

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the ULNAR nerve?[a] Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Digitorum Profundus, the hypothenar Eminence, the lumbricals, the interossei

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Brachialis?[a] the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve

[q]

Which muscles may entrap the BRACHIAL PLEXUS?[a]The scalense and pectorais minor

[q]Which nerve innervates the hypothenar Eminence?[a]the ULNAR nerve

[q]

Which bones may entrap the MEDIAN nerve?[a]The carpal tunnel

[/qdeck]

Upper Extremity Nerves 2 [qdeck]

[q]

Which nerve innervates the Diaphragm?[a] the PHRENIC nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Teres Minor?[a] the AXILLARY nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Deltoid?[a] the AXILLARY nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Biceps Brachii?[a] the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Tricep brachii?[a] the RADIAL nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Coracobrachialis?[a] the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Anconeus?[a] the RADIAL nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Pronator Teres?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the Wrist/Hand Extensors?[a] the RADIAL nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Pronator Quadratus?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Digitorum Profundus?[a] the ULNAR nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Pollicis Longus?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?[a] the ULNAR nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the Thenar Eminence?[a] the MEDIAN nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?[a] the ULNAR nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Digitorum Profundus?[a] the ULNAR nerve

[q]

The Scalenes may entrap which plexus?[a] BRACHIAL PLEXUS

[q]

Pectorais Minor may entrap which plexus?[a] BRACHIAL PLEXUS

[q]

The carpal tunnel may entrap which nerve?[a] MEDIAN nerve

[/qdeck]

Lower Extremity Nerves [qdeck]

[q]

The Lumbar Plexus is formed from which spinal nerves?[a] SN’s L1-L4

[q]

The Sacral Plexus is formed from which spinal nerves?[a] SN’s L4-S3

[q]

Which nerve innervates Quadriceps?[a] the FEMORAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Adductor Longus?[a] the OBTURATOR NERVE

[q]

Which nerve innervates Illiopsoas?[a] the FEMORAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Adductor Magnus?[a] the OBTURATOR NERVE

[q]

Which nerve innervates pectineus?[a] the FEMORAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Adductor Brevis?[a] the OBTURATOR NERVE

[q]

Which nerve innervates Sartorius?[a] the FEMORAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Obturator Externus?[a] the OBTURATOR NERVE

[q]

Which nerve innervates the Oblique Abdominals?[a] the ILLIOHYPOGASTRIC and ILLIOINGUINAL Nerves

[q]

Which nerve innervates Gluteus Medius?[a] the SUPERIOR GLUTEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Gluteus Maximus?[a] the INFERIOR GLUTEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Gluteus Minimus?[a] the SUPERIOR GLUTEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the Hamstrings?[a] the SCIATIC Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Tensor Fascia Latae/TFL?[a] the SUPERIOR GLUTEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Gastrocnemius?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Tibialis Anterior?[a] the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Popliteus?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Peroneus Longus?[a] the SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Plantaris?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Peroneus Tertius?[a] the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Soleus?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Peroneus Brevis?[a] the SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Digitorum Longus?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Extensor Digitorum Longus?[a] the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Flexor Hallucis Longus?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Extensor Hallucis Longus?[a] the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates Tibialis Posterior?[a] the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Piriformis can impinge which nerve?[a]The sciatic nerve

[q]

Disks of L4 and L5 can impinge which nerve?[a]The roots of the sciatic nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh?[a] the FEMORAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the medial thigh?[a]the OBTURATOR NERVE

[q]

Which nerves innervate the abdominal wall?[a] the ILLIOHYPOGASTRIC and ILLIOINGUINAL Nerves

[q]

Which nerve innervates the gluteal muscles?[a] the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR GLUTEAL Nerves

[q]

Which nerve innervates the Hamstrings and the whole leg?[a] SCIATIC Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the posterior leg?[a]the TIBIAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the anterior leg?[a]the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Which nerve innervates the lateral leg?[a] the SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL Nerve

[q]

Piriformis can impinge which nerve?[a]The sciatic nerve

[/qdeck]

Lower Extremity Nerves reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which structure is formed and innervated by SN’s L1-L4[a]The Lumbar Plexus

[q]

Which structure is formed and innervated by SN’s L4-S3[a]The Sacral Plexus

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the FEMORAL Nerve[a] Quadriceps, Iliopsoas,Pectineus,Sartorius

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the OBTURATOR NERVE[a] Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus, Adductor Brevis, Gracillis

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the ILLIOHYPOGASTRIC and ILLIOINGUINAL Nerves[a] Internal and External Abdominal Obliques and Transverse Abdominis

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the SUPERIOR GLUTEAL Nerve[a] Gluteus Medius, Minimus, and Tensor Fascia Latae/TFL

[q]

Which muscle is innervated by the INFERIOR GLUTEAL Nerve[a] Gluteus Maximus

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the SCIATIC Nerve[a] the Hamstrings and all the muscles of the leg

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the TIBIAL Nerve[a] Gastrocnemius,Soleus,Popliteus,Plantaris, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus, Tibialis Posterior (Girl scouts pop pills for first time.)

[q]

Which muscles are innervated by the SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL Nerve[a] Peroneus Longus and Brevis

[q]

Which muscle is innervated by the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve[a]Peroneus Tertius, Extensor Digitorum Longus,Extensor Hallucis Longus, Tibialis Posterior

[q]

The sciatic nerve can be impinged by which muscle[a]Piriformis

[q]

The roots of the sciatic nerve can be impinged by which spinal feature[a]Disks of L4 and L5

[q]

Which part of the body is innervated by the FEMORAL Nerve[a] the anterior thigh

[q]

Which part of the body is innervated by the OBTURATOR NERVE[a] the medial thigh

[q]

Which part of the body is innervated by the ILLIOHYPOGASTRIC and ILLIOINGUINAL Nerves[a]the abdominal wall

[q]

Which part of the body is innervated by the TIBIAL Nerve[a] the posterior leg compartment

[q]

Which part of the body is innervated by the DEEP PERONEAL Nerve[a] the anterior leg compartment

[q]

Which part of the body is innervated by the SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL Nerve[a] the lateral leg compartment

[q]

The sciatic nerve can be impinged by which muscle[a]Piriformis

[/qdeck]

Spinal Cord Deck 1

[qdeck]

[q]

SPINAL CORD – location[a] vertebral canal

[q]

Cervical Enlargement – define[a]the thickened part of cord where nerves for upper extremities attach

[q]

Lumbar Enlargement – define[a] the thickened part of cord where nerves for lower extremities attach

[q]

Conus Medullaris – define[a] the inferior border of cord proper around L2

[q]

Spinal Segments – define[a] the sections of the cord that give rise to a pair of spinal nerves

[q]

Dermatome – define[a] an area of skin innervated by a specific segment

[q]

Myotome – define[a] an area of muscles innervated by a specific segment

[q]

Scleratome – define[a] an area of connective tissue innervated by a specific segment

[q]

MENINGES – define[a] the PROTECTIVE COVERINGS OF CORD

[q]

Pia Mater – define[a] the innermost layer of meninges that adheres directly to cord

[q]

Filum Terminale – define[a] the string like continuation of Pia mater that anchors cord to sacrum

[q]

Arachnoid Mater – define[a] the middle layer of meninges

[q]

Sub Arachnoid Space – define[a] the space between Arachnoid mater and Pia mater filled with Cerebrospinal fluid for extra cushioning and protection

[q]

Dura Mater – define[a] the outer most layer of meninges which travels down to sacrum

[q]

Subdural space – define[a] the space between Dura mater and Arachnoid mater

[q]

Epidural space – define[a] the space outside Dura mater between it, the vertebrae and skull

[q]

Central Canal – define[a] the hole in the center of cord lined with ependymal cells and filled with Cerebrospinal fluid.

[q]

Posterior Grey Horn – function[a] the area where 1st order neurons synapse with second order sensory neurons

[q]

Anterior Grey Horn – function[a] the area where CNS motor neurons synapse with soma of lower motor neurons

[q]

Lateral Grey Horn – structure[a] the area composed of somas of autonomic preganglionic neurons

[q]

Dorsal Root Ganglion – define[a] the bump on dorsal root that contains cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons

[q]

Columns/Funiculi – define[a] the Posterior, Anterior, and Lateral areas of white matter in the cord

[q]

Tracts/Fasiculi – define[a] smaller bundles of white matter within the columns of the cord which carry impulses up and down cord

[/qdeck]

Spinal Cord deck 1 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which part of the CNS is located in the vertebral canal?[a]SPINAL CORD

[q]

Which term describes the thickened part of cord where nerves for upper extremities attach?[a]Cervical Enlargement

[q]

Which term describes the thickened part of cord where nerves for lower extremities attach?[a]Lumbar Enlargement

[q]

Which term describes the inferior border of cord proper around L2?[a]Conus Medullaris

[q]

Which term describes the sections of the cord that give rise to a pair of spinal nerves?[a]Spinal Segments

[q]

Which term describes an area of skin innervated by a specific segment?[a]Dermatome

[q]

Which term describes an area of muscles innervated by a specific segment?[a]Myotome

[q]

Which term describes an area of connective tissue innervated by a specific segment?[a]Scleratome

[q]

Which term describes the PROTECTIVE COVERINGS OF CORD?[a]MENINGES

[q]

Which term describes the innermost layer of meninges that adheres directly to cord?[a]Pia Mater

[q]

Which term describes the string like continuation of Pia mater that anchors cord to sacrum?[a]Filum Terminale

[q]

Which term describes the middle layer of meninges?[a]Arachnoid Membrane

[q]

Which term describes the space between Arachnoid mater and Pia mater filled with Cerebrospinal fluid for extra cushioning and protection?[a]Sub Arachnoid Space

[q]

Which term describes the outer most layer of meninges?[a]Dura Mater

[q]

Which term describes the space between Dura mater and Arachnoid mater?[a]Subdural space

[q]

Which term describes the space between the Dura mater and the bone surrounding it?[a]Epidural space

[q]

Which term describes the hole in the center of cord lined with ependymal cells and filled with Cerebrospinal fluid?[a]Central Canal

[q]

In which area od a spinal segment do 1st order neurons synapse with second order sensory neurons?[a]Posterior Grey Horn

[q]

In which area od a spinal segment do CNS motor neurons synapse with soma of lower motor neurons?[a]Anterior Grey Horn

[q]

In which area of a spinal segment do you find autonomic preganglionic neurons?[a]Lateral Grey Horn

[q]

Which term describes the bump on dorsal root that contains cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons?[a]Dorsal Root Ganglion

[q]

Which term describes the Posterior, Anterior, and Lateral areas of white matter in the cord?[a]Columns/Funiculi

[q]

Which term describes smaller bundles of white matter within the columns of the cord which carry impulses up and down cord?[a]Tracts/Fasiculi

[/qdeck]

Spinal Cord deck 2 [qdeck]

[q]

Long tracts – function[a]These tracts connect brain to cord or cord to brain

[q]

Short tracts/propriospinal tracts – function[a]These tracts connect different segments of the cord to coordinate movements and reflexes

[q]

Ascending tracts – function[a]These tracts are sensory tracts and carry info up to the brain

[q]

Descending tracts – function[a]These tracts are motor tracts that carry info down from the brain

[q]

Dorsal Root – structure[a]This root contains the PNS sensory neurons that end up in Posterior gray horn of spinal cord

[q]

Ventral Root – structure[a]Thise root contains motor neurons that begin in the Anterior and Lateral gray horns

[q]

Spinal Nerve – structure[a]These mixed nerves are formed where roots merge and exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina

[q]

Rami – define[a]This term describes the branches of the spinal nerves located outside the vertebral column

[q]

Posterior Ramus – structure[a]This branch of spinal nerve contains neurons that innervate the skin and muscles in a small strip just lateral to vertebral column

[q]

Anterior Ramus – structure[a]This branch of the spinal nerve contains the neurons that innervate the trunk and limbs except for the paraspinal muscles

[q]

Rami Communicans – structure[a]This branches of the spinal nerve attach the sympathetic chain ganglia to the spinal nerves

[q]

White rami communicans – structure[a] These branches of the Anterior Ramus contain sympathetic preganglionic neurons

[q]

Grey rami communicans – structure[a]This branch of the spinal nerve contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons

[q]

1st order neuron – pathway[a]These neurons travels from the receptor into the Posterior Gray Horn and synapses with 2nd order neuron

[q]

2nd order neuron – pathway[a]These neurons originate in the Posterior Gray Horn and travel in a tract up to the thalamus.

[q]

3rd order neuron – pathway[a]This neuron goes from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex Has precise localization of sensation and conscious awareness.

[q]

What kind of information travels along the Spinothalamic tracts?[a] touch

[q]

What kind of information travels along the Posterior/Anterior Spinocerebellar Pathways?[a] proprioception

[q]

Upper motor neuron – pathway[a]This neuron begins in the brain, travels down a tract, ends in the Anterior Gray Horn and synapses with the lower motor neuron.

[q]

Lower motor neuron – pathway[a]This neuron begins in the Anterior Gray Horn, travels out through the ventral root into the spinal nerve and on to the effector

[q]

What kind of information travels along the Pyramidal/Corticospinal Tracts?[a] Signals from cerebral cortex to Anterior Gray Horn for voluntary control of skeletal muscle

[q]

What kind of information travels along the Extrapyramidal tract?[a]Commands for involuntary control of skeletal muscle

[q]

What causes flaccid paralysis?[a] lower motor neuron damage

[q]

What causes spastic paralysis?[a] upper motor neuron damage

[q]

AUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEM- PATHWAY[a] Preganglionic neurons go from lateral gray horn/cranial nerve nuclei to an autonomic ganglion. Then Postganlionic neurons go from ANS ganglion to the effector organ.

[q]

INTERNUNCIAL POOL – define[a]A group of nearby neurons in the spinal cord which can all be facilitated by a strong enough stimulus.

[q]

Which spinal nerves form the CERVICAL Plexus?[a]spinal nerves C1 to C4/C5

[q]

Which spinal nerves form the BRACHIAL Plexus?[a] C5 to T1

[q]

Which spinal nerves form the LUMBAR Plexus?[a] L1 to L4

[q]

Which spinal nerves form the SACRAL Plexus?[a] L4 or L5 to S3

[/qdeck]

Spinal Cord Deck 2 reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which type of tracts connect brain to cord or cord to brain?[a]Long tracts

[q]

Which type of tracts connect different segments of the cord to coordinate movements and reflexes?[a]Short tracts/propriospinal tracts

[q]

Which type of tracts are sensory tracts and carry info up to the brain?[a]Ascending tracts

[q]

Which type of tracts are motor tracts that carry info down from the brain?[a]Descending tracts

[q]

Which type of root contains the PNS sensory neurons that end up in Posterior gray horn of spinal cord?[a]Dorsal Root

[q]

Which type of root contains motor neurons that begin in the Anterior and Lateral gray horns?[a]Ventral Root

[q]

Which type of mixed nerve is formed where roots merge and exits vertebral column through intervertebral foramina?[a]Spinal Nerve

[q]

Which term describes the branches of the spinal nerves located outside the vertebral column?[a]Rami

[q]

Which branch of spinal nerve contains neurons that innervate the skin and muscles in a small strip just lateral to vertebral column?[a]Posterior Ramus

[q]

Which branch of the spinal nerve contains the neurons that innervate the trunk and limbs except for the paraspinal muscles?[a]Anterior Ramus

[q]

Which branches of the spinal nerve attach the sympathetic chain ganglia to the spinal nerves?[a]Rami Communicans

[q]

Which branches of the Anterior Ramus contain sympathetic preganglionic neurons?[a]White rami communicans

[q]

Which branch of the spinal nerve contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons?[a]Grey rami communicans

[q]

Which type of neuron originates in the Posterior Gray Horn and travels in a tract up to the thalamus?[a]2nd order neuron

[q]

Which type of neuron goes from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex?[a] 3rd order neuron

[q]

Which tracts transmits touch?[a]What kind of information travels along the Spinothalamic tracts?

[q]

Which tracty transmits proprioceptive info to the cerebellum for coordination of movement?[a]Spinocerebellar tract

[q]

Which type of neuron begins in the brain, travels down a tract, ends in the Anterior Gray Horn and synapses with the lower motor neuron?[a]Upper motor neuron

[q]

Which type of neuron begins in the Anterior Gray Horn, travels out through the ventral root into the spinal nerve and on to the effector?[a]Lower motor neuron

[q]

Which tracts carry signals from cerebral cortex to Anterior Gray Horn for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?[a] Pyramidal/Corticospinal Tracts

[q]

Which tract is composed of axons of neurons which travel down to the Anterior Gray Horn for involuntary control of skeletal muscle?[a] Extrapyramidal tract

[q]

Which type of condition occurs due to lower motor neuron damage?[a] flaccid paralysis?

[q]

Which type of condition occurs due to upper motor neuron damage?[a] spastic paralysis?

[q]

In which pathway do preganglionic neurons go from lateral gray horn/cranial nerve nuclei to an autonomic ganglion and postganlionic neurons go from autonomic ganglion to the effector organ?[a]AUTONOMIC MOTOR

[q]

Which structure is formed by a group of nearby neurons in the spinal cord which can be activated by a strong stimulus?[a]INTERNUNCIAL POOL

[q]

Which plexus is formed by spinal nerves C1 to C4/C5?[a]the CERVICAL Plexus?

[q]

Which plexus is formed by spinal nerves C5 to T1?[a] the BRACHIAL Plexus?

[q]

Which plexus is formed by spinal nerves L1 to L4?[a] the LUMBAR Plexus?

[q]

Which plexus is formed by spinal nerves L4 or L5 to S3?[a]the SACRAL Plexus?

[q]

Which type of neuron travels from the receptor into the Posterior Gray Horn and synapses with 2nd order neuron?[a]1st order neuron

[/qdeck]

Neurology Intro [qdeck]

[q]

HOMEOSTASIS – define[a]The state of the body’s dynamic equilibrium in its internal environment.

[q]

Internal Environment – define[a]The fluid that bathes the cells of the body compose.

[q]

Negative Feedback Mechanism – define[a] The type of response that cancels stimulus.

[q]

Positive Feedback Mechanism – define[a] The type of response that enhances stimulus.

[q]

Central Nervous System – parts[a]the brain and spinal cord.

[q]

Peripheral Nervous System – parts[a]31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

[q]

General Senses – list[a] touch, temperature, pressure, pain, stretch, chemical, & proprioceptors.

[q]

Special Senses – list[a]vision (sight), audition (sound), olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), and equilibrium (balance).

[q]

Motor Neuron – function[a] These neurons innervate effectors.

[q]

Somatic Motor Neuron – function[a] These neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells.

[q]

Autonomic Motor Neuron – function[a]These neurons innervate cardiac, smooth muscle and glands.

[q]

Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar Division – function[a]These autonomic neurons emerge from the thoracic or lumbar segments of the spinal cord and function in “Fight or Flight” response.

[q]

Parasympathetic/Craniosacral Division – function[a] These neurons emerge from the brain/cranium and sacral part of the spinal cord and function in Rest and Digest response.

[q]

RECEPTOR – function[a] detects change in the environment and convertand converts it to a stimulus.

[q]

EFFECTOR – function[a] This structure/organ performs tasks.

[q]

INNERVATE – define[a]activate.

[q]

NEURON aka[a] NERVE FIBER/CELL.

[q]

NERVE – structure[a] This structure in the PNS is made of the bundles of axons with no neuron bodies.

[q]

MIXED NERVE – function[a] This nerve has sensory and motor capabilities.

[q]

PROPRIOCEPTION – define[a]This function includes awareness of position and motion of all body parts in space.

[q]

INTEGRATION – define[a]This process allows sensory neurons to communicate with motor neurons. (only present in the CNS.)

[q]

Glial Cells/Neuroglia – function[a]This type of cells support and protect the neurons.

[q]

Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes – function[a]These cells insulate neurons with a fatty substance called myelin This allows impulses to travel quickly along the neurons and helps PNS neurons regenerate processes with the neurilemma.

[q]

Satellite Cells – function[a]This type of cells help support neurons in the ganglia of the PNS.

[q]

Which glial cells are found in the PNS?[a] The Schwann Cells and Satellite cells.

[q]

These glial cells are found in the CNS.[a]Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia.

[q]

Astrocytes – function[a] These cells create the blood brain barrier.

[q]

Oligodendrocytes – function[a]These cells create the myelin sheath for the CNS but no neurilemma.

[q]

Ependymal cells – function[a]This type of ciliated epithelial cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

[q]

Microglia – function[a]This type of special white blood cells in the CNS eat debris, pathogens (disease causing organisms) and dead cells.

[/qdeck]

Neurology Intro reversed [qdeck]

[q]

Which type of cells support and protect the neurons?[a]Glial Cells/Neuroglia

[q]

Which process allows sensory neurons to communicate with motor neurons? (only present in the CNS)?[a]INTEGRATION

[q]

Which type of cells insulate neurons with a fatty substance called myelin which allows impulses to travel quickly along the neurons and helps PNS neurons regenerate processes with the neurilemma?[a]Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes

[q]

Which type of cells help support neurons in the ganglia of the PNS?[a]Satellite Cells

[q]

Where are the Schwann Cells and Satellite cells found?[a] PNS

[q]

Where are the Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia found?[a] CNS

[q]

Which type of cells create the blood brain barrier?[a]Astrocytes

[q]

Which type of ciliated epithelial cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?[a]Ependymal cells

[q]

Which type of cells create the myelin sheath for the CNS but no neurilemma?[a]Oligodendrocytes

[q]

Which type of special white blood cells in the CNS eat debris, pathogens (disease causing organisms) and dead cells?[a]Microglia

[q]

The state of the body’s dynamic equilibrium in its internal environment is described as?[a]HOMEOSTASIS

[q]

What does the fluid that bathes the cells of the body compose?[a]Internal Environment

[q]

Which type of response cancels a stimulus?[a]Negative Feedback Mechanism

[q]

Which type of response enhances a stimulus?[a]Positive Feedback Mechanism

[q]

Which system is composed of the brain and spinal cord?[a]Central Nervous System

[q]

Which type of senses include touch, temperature, pressure, pain, stretch, chemical, & proprioceptors?[a] General senses

[q]

Peripheral Nervous Systemis composed of [a] 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves

[q]

Which type of senses include vision (sight), audition (sound), olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), and equilibrium (balance)?[a]Special Senses

[q]

What type of neurons innervate effectors?[a]Motor Neuron

[q]

Which type of neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells?[a]Somatic Motor Neuron

[q]

Which type of neurons innervate cardiac, smooth muscle and glands?[a]Autonomic Motor Neuron

[q]

In which part of the nervous system do the neurons emerge from the brain/cranium and sacral part of the spinal cord and function in Rest and Digest response?[a]Parasympathetic/Craniosacral Division

[q]

Which nervous system structure detects change in the environment?[a]RECEPTOR

[q]

Which structure/organ is innervated by the NS to performs tasks?[a]EFFECTOR

[q]

Which term means “activate”?[a]INNERVATE

[q]

Which term means NERVE FIBER/CELL?[a]NEURON

[q]

Which structure in the PNS is made of the bundles of axons with no neuron bodies?[a]NERVE

[q]

Which type of nerve has sensory and motor capabilities?[a]MIXED NERVE

[q]

Which sensen includes awareness of position and motion of all body parts in space?[a]PROPRIOCEPTION

[/qdeck]

Nerve impulse transmission [qdeck]

[q]

Dendrites – function[a]These neural processes carry impulses toward the soma.

[q]

Soma – define[a]This term describes a neuron cell body.

[q]

Axon Hillock – define[a]This term describes the small raised area that connects soma to axon and acts as the trigger zone for most neurons.

[q]

Axon – define[a]This term describes the long single process that comes off the soma and carries the impulse away.

[q]

Axon Collateral – define[a]This term describes the branches of the main axon that carry the impulse to different places. (e.g. other muscle cells in a motor unit).

[q]

Telodendria – define[a]This term describes the small extensions at the end of the axon.

[q]

Synaptic End Bulb – define[a]This term describes the enlarged areas at the end of the telodendria.

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Synaptic Vesicles – define[a]This term describes the storage areas in the synaptic end bulbs that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

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Nodes of Ranvier – define[a]This term describes the spaces between the myelin on the neurons’ processes.

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Na+/K+ Pumps – define[a]This term describes the special protein pumps embedded all along the neurons membrane that pump Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium) ions through the neuron membrane.

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Gated Channels – define[a]This term describes the holes in the membrane of the neuron which allow ions to move in or out of the neuron passively when the gates are open.

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What is the resting potential voltage?[a] -70 mV .

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Stimulus – define[a]This term describes a change in the environment that allows gated channels in one section of the neuron to open.

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Threshold – define[a]This term describes the level of depolarization that must be reached for the neuron to fire an impulse. (Approximately –55mv)

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All or Nothing Law – define[a]This law states that when the axon hillock reaches threshold the neuron will send an impulse down the axon at constant and maximum strength.

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Repolarization – define[a]This term describes when a section of a neuron goes from +30 mV back to -70 mV.

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Depolarization – define[a]This term describes when Na+ enters a section of the neuron and the charge inside moves from –70mv toward 0mV on the way to +30 mV.

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Continuous Conduction – define[a]This type of relatively slow conduction causes each adjacent segment to depolarize in sequence along the length of the neuron and occurs on unmyelinated neurons.

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Saltatory Conduction – define[a]This type of conduction is the fastest and causes the impulse to jump from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier along myelinated neurons.

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Type A neurons – define[a]This type of neurons are the fastest – thick and myelinated. They convey the general and special senses and somatic motor function.

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Type B neurons – define[a]This type of neurons are of medium speed – thin and myelinated.They are the first PNS neurons in the ANS pathway (preganglionic neuron) between CNS and autonomic ganglions.

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Type C neurons – define[a]This type of neurons are slowest – thin and unmyelinated. They include the visceral sensory neurons, chronic pain neurons, and second ANS neuron in the pathway (postganglionic neuron) between the ganglia and the effector.

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Multipolar neurons – location[a]PNS as autonomic and somatic motor neuronsand the entire CNS.

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Bipolar neurons location[a]Optic and Olfactory nerves

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Unipolar/Pseudounipolar – define[a]These neurons have the dendrite and axon connected directly to each other with the soma off to the side. (Sensory neurons in the PNS)

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SYNAPSE – define[a]This term describes the junction between two neurons, a neuron and a muscle (neuromuscular junction), or a neuron and a gland (neuroglandular junction).

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Presynaptic neuron – define[a]This type of neuron carries signals to the synapse and releases the neurotransmitter (NT) into synaptic cleft.

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Synaptic cleft – define[a]This term describes the space between the two neurons through which the neurotransmitter must travel.

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Postsynaptic neuron – define[a]This type of neuron receives signals across the synapse.

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Axoaxonic synapse – define[a]Synapse where the axon of presynaptic connect to the axon of postsynaptic neurons.

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Axosomatic synapse – define[a]Synapse where the axon of presynaptic connect to the soma of postsynaptic neurons.

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Axodendritic synapse – define[a]Synapse where the axon of presynaptic connect to the dendrite of postsynaptic neurons.

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Summation – define[a]The adding together of all excitatory and inhibitory signals in trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron. (postsynaptic neuron can have 1,000s of presynaptic neurons connecting to it)

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Excitatory neurotransmitter – action on gated channels[a]This type of neurotransmitter opens Na+ gates.

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Inhibitory neurotransmitter – action on gated channels[a]This type of neurotransmitter opens K+ gates.

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Facilitated neuron – define[a]This type of neuron has a potential between –70mv and threshold (-55mv) and is more likely to reach threshold and send an impulse.

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Inhibited or hyperpolarized neuron – define[a]This type of neuron has a potential more negative than normal, below –70mv and is less likely to reach threshold and send an impulse.

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What is a ganglia?[a] GREY MATTER IN PNS – clusters of neuron somas.

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What is a nucleus?[a] GREY MATTER IN CNS – clusters of neuron somas.

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What is a tract?[a]This term describes the WHITE MATTER IN CNS – myelinated axons.

[/qdeck]

Nerve impulse transmission reversed [qdeck]

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Which neural processes carry impulses toward the soma?[a]Dendrites

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Which term describes a neuron cell body?[a]Soma

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Which term describes the small raised area that connects soma to axon and acts as the trigger zone for most neurons?[a]Axon Hillock

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Which term describes the long single process that comes off the soma and carries the impulse away?[a]Axon

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Which term describes the branches off the main axon that carry the impulse to different places? (e.g. other muscle cells in a motor unit)[a]Axon Collateral

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Which term describes the small extensions at the end of the axon?[a]Telodendria

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Which term describes the enlarged areas at the end of the telodendria?[a]Synaptic End Bulb

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Which term describes the storage areas in the synaptic end bulbs that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters?[a]Synaptic Vesicles

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Which term describes the spaces between the myelin on the neurons’ processes?[a]Nodes of Ranvier

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Which term describes the special protein pumps embedded all along the neurons membrane that pump ions through the neuron membrane?[a]Na+/K+ Pumps

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Which term describes the holes in the membrane of the neuron which allow ions to move in or out of the neuron passively when the gates are open?[a]Gated Channels

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Why is -70 mV an important number?[a] It is the resting potential voltage

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Which term describes a change in the environment that causess gated channels in one section of the neuron to open?[a]Stimulus

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Which term describes the level of depolarization that must be reached for the neuron to fire an impulse? (Approximately –55mv)[a]Threshold

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Which law states that when the axon hillock reaches threshold the neuron will send an impulse at constant and maximum strength?[a]All or None principle

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Which term describes when a section of a neuron goes from +30 mV back to -70 mV?[a]Repolarization

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Which term describes when Na+ enters a section of the neuron and the charge inside moves from –70mv toward 0mV on the way to +30 mV?[a]Depolarization

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Which slow type conduction causes each adjacent segment to depolarize in sequence along the length of the neuron and occurs on unmyelinated neurons?[a]Continuous Conduction

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Which type of conduction is the fastest and causes the impulse to jump from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier along myelinated neurons?[a]Saltatory Conduction

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In what direction does an impulse travel along a neuron?[a]from Dendrite to Soma to Axon

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Which type of neurons are fastest – thick, myelinated, and innervate the general and special senses and somatic motor neurons?[a]Type A neurons

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Which type of neurons are medium speed – thin, myelinated, and are the first PNS neurons in the Autonomic motor pathway (preganglionic neuron)[a]Type B neurons

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Which type of neurons are slowest, – thin, unmyelinated and include the visceral sensory neurons, chronic pain neurons and ANS postganglionic neurons[a]Type C neurons

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What are the factors that effect the speed of impulse transmission?[a]Myelination, Diameter, and Temperature of a neuron

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Which neurons make up the entire CNS and the somatic motor PNS[a]Multipolar neurons

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Which neurons are found only in the Olfactory and Optic nerves?[a]Bipolar neurons

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Which neurons have the dendrite and axon connected directly to each other with the soma off to the side? (Sensory neurons in the PNS)[a]Unipolar/Pseudounipolar

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Which term describes the junction between two neurons, a neuron and a muscle (neuromuscular junction), or a neuron and a gland (neuroglandular junction)?[a]SYNAPSE

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Which type of neuron carries signals to the synapse and releases the neurotransmitter (NT) into synaptic cleft?[a]Presynaptic neuron

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Which term describes the space between the two neurons through which the neurotransmitter must travel?[a]Synaptic cleft

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Which type of neuron receives signals across the synapse?[a]Postsynaptic neuron

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In which type of synapse does the axon of presynaptic connect to the axon of postsynaptic neurons?[a]Axoaxonic synapse

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In which type of synapse does the axon of presynaptic connect to the soma of postsynaptic neurons?[a]Axosomatic synapse

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In which type of synapse does the axon of presynaptic connect to the dendrite of postsynaptic neurons?[a]Axodendritic synapse

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Which term describes the adding together of all excitatory and inhibitory signals in trigger zone of a neuron?[a] summation

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Which type of neurotransmitter opens Na+ gates?[a]Excitatory neurotransmitter

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Which type of neurotransmitter opens K+ gates?[a]Inhibitory neurotransmitter

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Which type of neuron has a potential between –70mv and threshold (-55mv) and is more likely to reach threshold and send an impulse?[a]Facilitated neuron

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Which type of neuron has a potential more negative than normal, (below –70mv) and is less likely to reach threshold and send an impulse?[a]Inhibited or hyperpolarized neuron

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Which term describes the GREY MATTER IN PNS?[a]Ganglia

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Which term describes the GREY MATTER IN CNS?[a]Nucleus

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Which term describes the WHITE MATTER IN CNS?[a]Tract

[/qdeck]