Neurology Intro
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HOMEOSTASIS – define[a]The state of the body’s dynamic equilibrium in its internal environment.
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Internal Environment – define[a]The fluid that bathes the cells of the body compose.
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Negative Feedback Mechanism – define[a] The type of response that cancels stimulus.
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Positive Feedback Mechanism – define[a] The type of response that enhances stimulus.
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Central Nervous System – parts[a]the brain and spinal cord.
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Peripheral Nervous System – parts[a]31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
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General Senses – list[a] touch, temperature, pressure, pain, stretch, chemical, & proprioceptors.
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Special Senses – list[a]vision (sight), audition (sound), olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), and equilibrium (balance).
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Motor Neuron – function[a] These neurons innervate effectors.
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Somatic Motor Neuron – function[a] These neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells.
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Autonomic Motor Neuron – function[a]These neurons innervate cardiac, smooth muscle and glands.
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Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar Division – function[a]These autonomic neurons emerge from the thoracic or lumbar segments of the spinal cord and function in “Fight or Flight” response.
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Parasympathetic/Craniosacral Division – function[a] These neurons emerge from the brain/cranium and sacral part of the spinal cord and function in Rest and Digest response.
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RECEPTOR – function[a] detects change in the environment and convertand converts it to a stimulus.
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EFFECTOR – function[a] This structure/organ performs tasks.
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INNERVATE – define[a]activate.
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NEURON aka[a] NERVE FIBER/CELL.
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NERVE – structure[a] This structure in the PNS is made of the bundles of axons with no neuron bodies.
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MIXED NERVE – function[a] This nerve has sensory and motor capabilities.
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PROPRIOCEPTION – define[a]This function includes awareness of position and motion of all body parts in space.
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INTEGRATION – define[a]This process allows sensory neurons to communicate with motor neurons. (only present in the CNS.)
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Glial Cells/Neuroglia – function[a]This type of cells support and protect the neurons.
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Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes – function[a]These cells insulate neurons with a fatty substance called myelin This allows impulses to travel quickly along the neurons and helps PNS neurons regenerate processes with the neurilemma.
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Satellite Cells – function[a]This type of cells help support neurons in the ganglia of the PNS.
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Which glial cells are found in the PNS?[a] The Schwann Cells and Satellite cells.
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These glial cells are found in the CNS.[a]Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia.
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Astrocytes – function[a] These cells create the blood brain barrier.
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Oligodendrocytes – function[a]These cells create the myelin sheath for the CNS but no neurilemma.
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Ependymal cells – function[a]This type of ciliated epithelial cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
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Microglia – function[a]This type of special white blood cells in the CNS eat debris, pathogens (disease causing organisms) and dead cells.
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Neurology Intro reversed
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Which type of cells support and protect the neurons?[a]Glial Cells/Neuroglia
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Which process allows sensory neurons to communicate with motor neurons? (only present in the CNS)?[a]INTEGRATION
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Which type of cells insulate neurons with a fatty substance called myelin which allows impulses to travel quickly along the neurons and helps PNS neurons regenerate processes with the neurilemma?[a]Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes
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Which type of cells help support neurons in the ganglia of the PNS?[a]Satellite Cells
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Where are the Schwann Cells and Satellite cells found?[a] PNS
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Where are the Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, Microglia found?[a] CNS
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Which type of cells create the blood brain barrier?[a]Astrocytes
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Which type of ciliated epithelial cells line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?[a]Ependymal cells
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Which type of cells create the myelin sheath for the CNS but no neurilemma?[a]Oligodendrocytes
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Which type of special white blood cells in the CNS eat debris, pathogens (disease causing organisms) and dead cells?[a]Microglia
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The state of the body’s dynamic equilibrium in its internal environment is described as?[a]HOMEOSTASIS
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What does the fluid that bathes the cells of the body compose?[a]Internal Environment
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Which type of response cancels a stimulus?[a]Negative Feedback Mechanism
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Which type of response enhances a stimulus?[a]Positive Feedback Mechanism
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Which system is composed of the brain and spinal cord?[a]Central Nervous System
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Which type of senses include touch, temperature, pressure, pain, stretch, chemical, & proprioceptors?[a] General senses
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Peripheral Nervous Systemis composed of [a] 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Which type of senses include vision (sight), audition (sound), olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), and equilibrium (balance)?[a]Special Senses
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What type of neurons innervate effectors?[a]Motor Neuron
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Which type of neurons innervate skeletal muscle cells?[a]Somatic Motor Neuron
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Which type of neurons innervate cardiac, smooth muscle and glands?[a]Autonomic Motor Neuron
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In which part of the nervous system do the neurons emerge from the brain/cranium and sacral part of the spinal cord and function in Rest and Digest response?[a]Parasympathetic/Craniosacral Division
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Which nervous system structure detects change in the environment?[a]RECEPTOR
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Which structure/organ is innervated by the NS to performs tasks?[a]EFFECTOR
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Which term means “activate”?[a]INNERVATE
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Which term means NERVE FIBER/CELL?[a]NEURON
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Which structure in the PNS is made of the bundles of axons with no neuron bodies?[a]NERVE
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Which type of nerve has sensory and motor capabilities?[a]MIXED NERVE
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Which sensen includes awareness of position and motion of all body parts in space?[a]PROPRIOCEPTION
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Nerve impulse transmission
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Dendrites – function[a]These neural processes carry impulses toward the soma.
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Soma – define[a]This term describes a neuron cell body.
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Axon Hillock – define[a]This term describes the small raised area that connects soma to axon and acts as the trigger zone for most neurons.
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Axon – define[a]This term describes the long single process that comes off the soma and carries the impulse away.
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Axon Collateral – define[a]This term describes the branches of the main axon that carry the impulse to different places. (e.g. other muscle cells in a motor unit).
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Telodendria – define[a]This term describes the small extensions at the end of the axon.
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Synaptic End Bulb – define[a]This term describes the enlarged areas at the end of the telodendria.
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Synaptic Vesicles – define[a]This term describes the storage areas in the synaptic end bulbs that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.
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Nodes of Ranvier – define[a]This term describes the spaces between the myelin on the neurons’ processes.
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Na+/K+ Pumps – define[a]This term describes the special protein pumps embedded all along the neurons membrane that pump Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium) ions through the neuron membrane.
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Gated Channels – define[a]This term describes the holes in the membrane of the neuron which allow ions to move in or out of the neuron passively when the gates are open.
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What is the resting potential voltage?[a] -70 mV .
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Stimulus – define[a]This term describes a change in the environment that allows gated channels in one section of the neuron to open.
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Threshold – define[a]This term describes the level of depolarization that must be reached for the neuron to fire an impulse. (Approximately –55mv)
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All or Nothing Law – define[a]This law states that when the axon hillock reaches threshold the neuron will send an impulse down the axon at constant and maximum strength.
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Repolarization – define[a]This term describes when a section of a neuron goes from +30 mV back to -70 mV.
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Depolarization – define[a]This term describes when Na+ enters a section of the neuron and the charge inside moves from –70mv toward 0mV on the way to +30 mV.
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Continuous Conduction – define[a]This type of relatively slow conduction causes each adjacent segment to depolarize in sequence along the length of the neuron and occurs on unmyelinated neurons.
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Saltatory Conduction – define[a]This type of conduction is the fastest and causes the impulse to jump from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier along myelinated neurons.
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Type A neurons – define[a]This type of neurons are the fastest – thick and myelinated. They convey the general and special senses and somatic motor function.
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Type B neurons – define[a]This type of neurons are of medium speed – thin and myelinated.They are the first PNS neurons in the ANS pathway (preganglionic neuron) between CNS and autonomic ganglions.
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Type C neurons – define[a]This type of neurons are slowest – thin and unmyelinated. They include the visceral sensory neurons, chronic pain neurons, and second ANS neuron in the pathway (postganglionic neuron) between the ganglia and the effector.
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Multipolar neurons – location[a]PNS as autonomic and somatic motor neuronsand the entire CNS.
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Bipolar neurons location[a]Optic and Olfactory nerves
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Unipolar/Pseudounipolar – define[a]These neurons have the dendrite and axon connected directly to each other with the soma off to the side. (Sensory neurons in the PNS)
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SYNAPSE – define[a]This term describes the junction between two neurons, a neuron and a muscle (neuromuscular junction), or a neuron and a gland (neuroglandular junction).
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Presynaptic neuron – define[a]This type of neuron carries signals to the synapse and releases the neurotransmitter (NT) into synaptic cleft.
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Synaptic cleft – define[a]This term describes the space between the two neurons through which the neurotransmitter must travel.
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Postsynaptic neuron – define[a]This type of neuron receives signals across the synapse.
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Axoaxonic synapse – define[a]Synapse where the axon of presynaptic connect to the axon of postsynaptic neurons.
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Axosomatic synapse – define[a]Synapse where the axon of presynaptic connect to the soma of postsynaptic neurons.
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Axodendritic synapse – define[a]Synapse where the axon of presynaptic connect to the dendrite of postsynaptic neurons.
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Summation – define[a]The adding together of all excitatory and inhibitory signals in trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron. (postsynaptic neuron can have 1,000s of presynaptic neurons connecting to it)
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Excitatory neurotransmitter – action on gated channels[a]This type of neurotransmitter opens Na+ gates.
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter – action on gated channels[a]This type of neurotransmitter opens K+ gates.
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Facilitated neuron – define[a]This type of neuron has a potential between –70mv and threshold (-55mv) and is more likely to reach threshold and send an impulse.
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Inhibited or hyperpolarized neuron – define[a]This type of neuron has a potential more negative than normal, below –70mv and is less likely to reach threshold and send an impulse.
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What is a ganglia?[a] GREY MATTER IN PNS – clusters of neuron somas.
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What is a nucleus?[a] GREY MATTER IN CNS – clusters of neuron somas.
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What is a tract?[a]This term describes the WHITE MATTER IN CNS – myelinated axons.
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Nerve impulse transmission reversed
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Which neural processes carry impulses toward the soma?[a]Dendrites
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Which term describes a neuron cell body?[a]Soma
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Which term describes the small raised area that connects soma to axon and acts as the trigger zone for most neurons?[a]Axon Hillock
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Which term describes the long single process that comes off the soma and carries the impulse away?[a]Axon
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Which term describes the branches off the main axon that carry the impulse to different places? (e.g. other muscle cells in a motor unit)[a]Axon Collateral
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Which term describes the small extensions at the end of the axon?[a]Telodendria
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Which term describes the enlarged areas at the end of the telodendria?[a]Synaptic End Bulb
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Which term describes the storage areas in the synaptic end bulbs that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters?[a]Synaptic Vesicles
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Which term describes the spaces between the myelin on the neurons’ processes?[a]Nodes of Ranvier
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Which term describes the special protein pumps embedded all along the neurons membrane that pump ions through the neuron membrane?[a]Na+/K+ Pumps
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Which term describes the holes in the membrane of the neuron which allow ions to move in or out of the neuron passively when the gates are open?[a]Gated Channels
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Why is -70 mV an important number?[a] It is the resting potential voltage
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Which term describes a change in the environment that causess gated channels in one section of the neuron to open?[a]Stimulus
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Which term describes the level of depolarization that must be reached for the neuron to fire an impulse? (Approximately –55mv)[a]Threshold
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Which law states that when the axon hillock reaches threshold the neuron will send an impulse at constant and maximum strength?[a]All or None principle
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Which term describes when a section of a neuron goes from +30 mV back to -70 mV?[a]Repolarization
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Which term describes when Na+ enters a section of the neuron and the charge inside moves from –70mv toward 0mV on the way to +30 mV?[a]Depolarization
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Which slow type conduction causes each adjacent segment to depolarize in sequence along the length of the neuron and occurs on unmyelinated neurons?[a]Continuous Conduction
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Which type of conduction is the fastest and causes the impulse to jump from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier along myelinated neurons?[a]Saltatory Conduction
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In what direction does an impulse travel along a neuron?[a]from Dendrite to Soma to Axon
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Which type of neurons are fastest – thick, myelinated, and innervate the general and special senses and somatic motor neurons?[a]Type A neurons
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Which type of neurons are medium speed – thin, myelinated, and are the first PNS neurons in the Autonomic motor pathway (preganglionic neuron)[a]Type B neurons
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Which type of neurons are slowest, – thin, unmyelinated and include the visceral sensory neurons, chronic pain neurons and ANS postganglionic neurons[a]Type C neurons
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What are the factors that effect the speed of impulse transmission?[a]Myelination, Diameter, and Temperature of a neuron
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Which neurons make up the entire CNS and the somatic motor PNS[a]Multipolar neurons
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Which neurons are found only in the Olfactory and Optic nerves?[a]Bipolar neurons
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Which neurons have the dendrite and axon connected directly to each other with the soma off to the side? (Sensory neurons in the PNS)[a]Unipolar/Pseudounipolar
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Which term describes the junction between two neurons, a neuron and a muscle (neuromuscular junction), or a neuron and a gland (neuroglandular junction)?[a]SYNAPSE
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Which type of neuron carries signals to the synapse and releases the neurotransmitter (NT) into synaptic cleft?[a]Presynaptic neuron
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Which term describes the space between the two neurons through which the neurotransmitter must travel?[a]Synaptic cleft
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Which type of neuron receives signals across the synapse?[a]Postsynaptic neuron
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In which type of synapse does the axon of presynaptic connect to the axon of postsynaptic neurons?[a]Axoaxonic synapse
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In which type of synapse does the axon of presynaptic connect to the soma of postsynaptic neurons?[a]Axosomatic synapse
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In which type of synapse does the axon of presynaptic connect to the dendrite of postsynaptic neurons?[a]Axodendritic synapse
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Which term describes the adding together of all excitatory and inhibitory signals in trigger zone of a neuron?[a] summation
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Which type of neurotransmitter opens Na+ gates?[a]Excitatory neurotransmitter
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Which type of neurotransmitter opens K+ gates?[a]Inhibitory neurotransmitter
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Which type of neuron has a potential between –70mv and threshold (-55mv) and is more likely to reach threshold and send an impulse?[a]Facilitated neuron
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Which type of neuron has a potential more negative than normal, (below –70mv) and is less likely to reach threshold and send an impulse?[a]Inhibited or hyperpolarized neuron
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Which term describes the GREY MATTER IN PNS?[a]Ganglia
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Which term describes the GREY MATTER IN CNS?[a]Nucleus
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Which term describes the WHITE MATTER IN CNS?[a]Tract
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