Heart 1
[q]
What is in the Mediastinum?[a]heart
[q]
Right side of the heart – function[a]This side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
[q]
Left side of the heart – function[a]This side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
[q]
Pericardium contains what?[a]the heart.
[q]
Epicardium – aka[a]visceral pericardium.
[q]
Outermost layer of pericardium is the?[a]fibrous percardium.
[q]
Parietal pericardium – define[a]This structure composes the inner layer of fibrous pericardium, a serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid into Pericardial cavity.
[q]
Visceral pericardium – define[a]This structure is a serous membrane and composes the outermost layer of the heart wall.
[q]
What organ is in the pericardial cavity?[a]the heart.
[q]
Myocardium – composition[a]This structure is composed of cardiac myocytes and forms the bulk of the heart.
[q]
Endocardium – composition[a]This structure is composed of endothelial cells (squamous epithelium) and lines the inner chambers of the heart
[q]
Pericardium & Heart Wall – list layers superficial to deep.[a]1.Fibrous pericardium, 2.Parietal pericardium, 3.Pericardial space, 4.Visceral pericardium/Epicardium, 5.Myocardium, 6.Endocardium
[q]
Pericardium – function[a]This structure reduces friction against surrounding structures as heart expands and contracts.
[q]
Atria – function[a]These chambers receive blood from the body.
[q]
Ventricles – function[a]These chambers pump blood out of the heart.
[q]
Right atrium – function[a]This chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation.
[q]
Left atrium – function[a]This chamber receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation.
[q]
Right ventricle – function[a]This chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs.
[q]
Left ventricle – function[a]This chamber receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body.
[q]
Pulmonary Circuit – define[a]This circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs, where deoxygenated blood receives O2 and discards CO2.
[q]
Systemic Circuit – define[a]This circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the rest of the tissues in the body and back again.
[q]
Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Coronary Sinus – drain blood into the…[a]right atrium.
[q]
2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins drain blood into…[a]the left atrium.
[q]
Pulmonary trunk caries blood out of…[a]the right ventricle.
[q]
Aorta caries blood out of…[a]the left ventricle.
[q]
Pulmonary Circuit – route[a]Blood flows from the heart to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to heart.
[q]
Systemic Circuit – route[a]Blood that flows from the heart to aorta to the whole body to SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus to heart.
[q]
The right side of the heart contains what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood
[q]
The left side of the heart contains what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood
[q]
The SVC and IVC contain what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood
[q]
Aorta – contains what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood.
[q]
Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood?[a]oxygenated blood
[q]
Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood?[a]deoxygenated blood.
[q]
Heart valves – function[a]These structures prevent blood from flowing backwards by closing if blood flows the wrong way.
[q]
Semilunar valves – function[a]These valves prevent backflow into the ventricles.
[q]
Atrioventrivular valves – function[a]These valves prevent backflow into the atria.
[q]
Mitral valve aka[a]Bicuspid valve aka
[q]
Right atrioventricular valve aka[a]Tricuspid valve aka
[/qdeck]
Heart 1 reversed
[q]
Tricuspid valve aka[a]Right atrioventricular valve
[q]
Bicuspid valve aka[a]Mitral valve
[q]
Which valves prevent backflow into the atria?[a]Atrioventrivular valves
[q]
Which valves prevent backflow into the ventricles?[a]Semilunar valves
[q]
Which structures prevent blood from flowing backwards by closing if blood flows the wrong way?[a]Heart valves
[q]
Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?[a]Pulmonary arteries
[q]
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?[a]Pulmonary veins
[q]
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?[a]Aorta
[q]
Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?[a]The SVC and IVC
[q]
On which side of the heart is oxygenated blood located?[a]The left side
[q]
On which side of the heart is deoxygenated blood located?[a]The right side
[q]
Blood that flows from the heart to aorta to the whole body to SVC, IVC, or coronary sinus to heart describes which circuit?[a]Systemic Circuit
[q]
Blood that flows from the heart to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to heart describes which circuit?[a]Pulmonary Circuit
[q]
Which vessel caries blood out of the left ventricle?[a]Aorta
[q]
Which vessels carries blood out of the right ventricle?[a]Pulmonary trunk
[q]
Which vessels carry blood into the left atrium?[a]2 right and 2 left pulmonary veins
[q]
Which vessels carry blood into the right atrium?[a]Superior Vena Cava (SVC), Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Coronary Sinus
[q]
Which circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the rest of the tissues in the body and back again?[a]Systemic Circuit
[q]
Which circuit carries the flow of blood from the heart through the lungs, where deoxygenated blood receives O2 and discards CO2?[a]Pulmonary Circuit
[q]
Which chamber receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body?[a]Left ventricle
[q]
Which chamber receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs?[a]Right ventricle
[q]
Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation?[a]Left atrium
[q]
Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation?[a]Right atrium
[q]
Which chambers pump blood out of the heart?[a]Ventricles
[q]
Which chambers receive blood from the body?[a]Atria
[q]
Which structure reduces friction against surrounding structures as heart expands and contracts?[a]Pericardium
[q]
Which structure composed of endothelial cells (squamous epithelium) lines the inner chambers of the heart?[a]Endocardium
[q]
Which structure is composed of cardiac myocytes and forms bulk of the heart?[a]Myocardium
[q]
Which cavity encloses the heart?[a]pericardial cavity
[q]
Which structure is a serous membrane and composes the outermost layer of the heart wall?[a]Visceral pericardium
[q]
Which structure makes up the outer layer of the serous pericardium, a serous membrane that secretes lubricating fluid into Pericardial cavity?[a]Parietal pericardium
[q]
Which layer does the fibrous percardium form?[a]Outermost layer of pericardium
[q]
visceral pericardium aka[a]Epicardium
[q]
Which structure contains the heart?[a]Pericardium
[q]
Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body?[a]Left side of the heart
[q]
Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs?[a]Right side of the heart
[q]
Where is the heart located?[a]Mediastinum
[/qdeck]
Heart 2
[q]
Semilunar valves have how many flaps?[a]3 flaps
[q]
Papillary muscles – function[a]These heart structures prevent valvular prolapse.
[q]
What contracts during ventricular systole besides the ventricles?[a]papillary muscles
[q]
Chordae tendonae – location[a]in the ventricles between the papillary muscles and the leaves of the valves
[q]
Valvular insufficiency – define[a]a heart murmur or valvular prolapse where valves do not close completely.
[q]
Valvular stenosis – define[a]A condition where valves don’t open completely.
[q]
“Lub” sound – define[a]Sound caused by the closing of the AV valves.
[q]
“Dup” sound – define[a]Sound caused by the closing of the semilunar valves.
[q]
Systole – define[a]This is the contraction of a heart chamber.
[q]
Diastole – define[a]the relaxation of a heart chamber.
[q]
“Lub” sound – occurs during what stage of a heart beat?[a]Beginning of ventricular systole.
[q]
“Dup” sound – occurs during what stage of a heart beat?[a]Beginning of ventricular diastole.
[q]
Myocyte – define[a]a heart cell.
[q]
Functional syncytium – define[a]all myocytes contract together.
[q]
Myogenic – define[a]a self stimulating cell
[q]
The Cardiac Conduction System – define[a]A system composed of nodal tissue that causes the heart to beat.
[q]
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – location[a]upper wall of right atrium
[q]
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) – location[a]floor of right atrium or at the base of the interatrial septum
[q]
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) – function[a]receives the action potential from the SA node
[q]
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) – function[a]Generates the sinus rhythm considered to be the basic heart rate
[q]
Cardiac skeleton – define[a]This is the fibrous CT which supports myocardium, forms a thick insulating wall between atria and ventricles, and keeps ventricles from contracting prematurely.
[q]
Atrioventricular bundle – aka[a]Bundle of His.
[q]
Bundle of His – define[a]This structure carries the action potential across cardiac skeleton into interventricular septum & splits into Left/Right Bundle branches.
[q]
Purkinje fibers – define[a]These heart fibers carry action potential from the apex of the heart to the myocardium causing the ventricles to contract.
[q]
Vagus nerve – effect on heart rate[a]decreases heart rate via the Parasympathetic NS.
[q]
Cardiac nerve – effect on heart rate[a]increases heart rate via the Sympathetic NS.
[q]
Sino – atrial (SA) node – rhythm[a]72 beats per minute (BPM).
[q]
Cardiac cycle – define[a]This cycle is composed of Atrial systole and diastole & Ventricular systole and diastole.
[q]
If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .1 sec long?[a]atrial systole
[q]
If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .3 sec long?[a]ventricular systole
[q]
If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .7 sec long?[a]atrial diastole
[q]
If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .5 sec long?[a]ventricular diastole
[q]
If the heart is beating 72 times a minute, what part of the beat would be .8 sec long?[a]The whole cardiac cycle.
[q]
Atrial systole – define[a]This is the first part of a heart beat.
[q]
Cardiac Output (CO) – define[a]This is the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute.
[q]
Stroke Rate (SR) – define[a]number of beats per minute.
[q]
Stroke Volume (SV) – define[a]the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.
[q]
What is this equation? SR x SV = CO[a]the equation for Cardiac Output.
[/qdeck]
Heart 2 reversed
[q]
What is the equation for Cardiac Output?[a]SR x SV = CO
[q]
Which term describes the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat?[a]Stroke Volume (SV)
[q]
Which term describes the number of beats per minute?[a]Stroke Rate (SR)
[q]
Which term describes the amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per minute?[a]Cardiac Output (CO)
[q]
What is the first part of a heart beat?[a]Atrial systole
[q]
What is the duration of the full cardiac cycle with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].8 sec long
[q]
What is the duration of ventricular diastole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].5 sec long
[q]
What is the duration of atrial diastole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].7 sec long
[q]
What is the duration of ventricular systole with a heart rate of 72 BPM? [a].3 sec long
[q]
What is the duration of atrial systole with a heart rate of 72 BPM?[a].1 sec
[q]
Which cycle is composed of Atrial systole, diastole & Ventricular systole, diastole? [a]Cardiac cycle
[q]
Which heart structure has a rhythm of 72 beats per minute (BPM)?[a]Sino atrial node
[q]
Which nerve increases heart rate via the Sympathetic NS?[a]Cardiac nerve
[q]
Which nerve decreases heart rate via the Parasympathetic NS?[a]Vagus nerve
[q]
Which heart fibers carry action potential from the apex of the heart to the myocardium causing the ventricles to contract?[a]Purkinje fibers
[q]
Which structure carries the action potential across cardiac skeleton into interventricular septum & splits into Left/Right Bundle branches?[a]Bundle of His
[q]
Which is another term for the Bundle of His?[a]Atrioventricular bundle
[q]
Which term describes the fibrous CT which supports myocardium, forms a thick insulating wall between atria and ventricles and keeps ventricles from contracting prematurely?[a]Cardiac skeleton
[q]
Which node generates the sinus rhythm considered to be the basic heart rate?[a]Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
[q]
Which conduction node receives the action potential from the SA node?[a]Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
[q]
Which conduction node is located in floor of right atrium or at the base of the interatrial septum?[a]Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
[q]
Which conduction node is located in the wall of the right atrium?[a]Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
[q]
Which system causes the heart to beat?[a]The Cardiac Conduction System
[q]
What is the term for a self stimulating cell?[a]Myogenic
[q]
What term describes when all myocytes contract together?[a]Functional syncytium
[q]
What is the name of a heart cell?[a]Myocyte
[q]
Which heart sound do you hear at the beginning of ventricular diastole?[a]”Dup” sound
[q]
Which heart sound do you hear at the beginning of ventricular systole?[a]”Lub” sound
[q]
Which term describes the relaxation of a heart chamber?[a]Diastole
[q]
Which term describes the contraction of a heart chamber?[a]Systole
[q]
Which sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves?[a]”Dup” sound
[q]
Which sound is caused by the closing of the AV valves?[a]”Lub” sound
[q]
Which term describes a condition where valves don’t open completely?[a]Valvular stenosis
[q]
Which term describes a heart murmur or valvular prolapse?[a]Valvular insufficiency
[q]
Which heart structures are located in the ventricles?[a]Chordae tendonae and paillary muscles
[q]
When do the papillary muscles contract?[a]ventricular systole
[q]
Which heart structures prevents valvular prolapse?[a]Papillary muscles and chordae tendonae
[q]
Which valves have 3 flaps?[a]Semilunar valves, and the tricuspid.
[/qdeck]
Heart 3
[q]
Preload – define[a]This is the amount of blood filling the heart before systole.
[q]
Afterload – define[a]This is the amount of pressure exerted by arterial blood, which must be overcome by left ventricle to force more blood into the aorta.
[q]
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume – list[a]preload, venous return and afterload
[q]
Positive Inotropic Agents – define[a]These chemical agents strengthen the contractile power of the heart
[q]
Negative Inotropic Agents – define[a]These chemical agents weaken the contractile power of the heart
[q]
Positive Inotropic Agents – list[a]epinephrine, NE, glucagon, thyroid hormone, dopamine & digitalis
[q]
Negative Inotropic Agents – list[a]Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Acidosis, Excess extracellular potassium, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers
[q]
List the factors that effect the Stroke Rate[a]ANS, chemicals, age, gender, fitness level and body size
[q]
Starling’s Law – define[a]This rule states that an increase in venous return will cause an increase in cardiac output (CO)
[q]
Increased resting heart rate – causes[a]increased temperature, small body size and low level of fitness
[q]
Decreased resting heart rate – caused by[a]large body size, high level of fitness, decreased temperature
[q]
Baroreceptors & chemreceptors – define[a]These receptors are found in carotid and aortic artery reflexes as well as the atrium reflex
[q]
Blood pressure reflex centers – location[a]medulla
[q]
Vagus N & Glossopharyngeal N – function[a]These nerves carry information to the cardiac centers
[q]
Vagus N and Cardiac N – function[a]These nerves carry motor commands to the heart.
[q]
What is the Aortic reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to systemic high blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decrease in heart rate.
[q]
What is the Right heart reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart rate.
[q]
What is the Carotid reflex response to high blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to high blood pressure in the head by causing vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate.
[q]
What is the Aortic reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate.
[q]
What is the Right heart reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing decrease in heart rate.
[q]
What is the Carotid reflex response to low blood pressure?[a]This reflex responds to low blood pressure in the head by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate.
[q]
What is the body’s response to hypoxia or hypercapnia?[a]vasoconstriction and an increase in heart & breathing rate
[q]
Hypercapnia – define[a]too much CO2 in the blood
[q]
Hypoxia – define[a]too little O2 in the blood
[q]
Acidosis – define[a]a low blood pH
[q]
What is a 120/80 reading mean?[a]normal blood pressure for a body at rest
[q]
The Phrenic nerve is used in what reflexes?[a]This nerve is activated in heart reflexes that affect breathing.
[q]
Systolic pressure – define[a]blood pressure when ventricles are contracting
[q]
Diastolic pressure – define[a]blood pressure when ventricles are relaxing
[q]
What is the formula for Blood Pressure?[a] Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance
[q]
Viscosity – define[a]thickness of blood
[q]
What contributes to Systemic Vascular Resistance?[a]blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, vessel diameter & smoothness of endothelial lining.
[q]
What is the BP in arteries compared to other vessels?[a]highest
[q]
What is the BP in veins compared to other vessels?[a]lowest
[q]
What is the Velocity in arteries compared to other vessels?[a]highest
[q]
What is the Velocity in capillaries compared to other vessels?[a]lowest
[q]
Angina pectoris – define[a]chest pain due to myocardial ischemia
[q]
When the body is at rest (72 bpm), what part of the cardiac cycle is .4 sec long?[a]diastasis (all four chambers at rest)
[/qdeck]
Heart 3 reversed
[q]
When the body is at rest(72 bpm), how long are all four chambers in diastole?[a] .4 sec
[q]
Which term describes chest pain due to myocardial ischemia?[a]Angina pectoris
[q]
In which vessels in the CV system is blood velocity lowest?[a]Velocity in capillaries
[q]
In which vessels in the CV system is blood velocity highest?[a]Velocity in arteries
[q]
In which vessels in the CV system is blood pressure lowest?[a]BP in veins
[q]
In which vessels in the CV system is blood pressure highest?[a]BP in arteries
[q]
Which term describes the effect of blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, vessel diameter & smoothness of endothelial lining?[a] Systemic Vascular Resistance
[q]
Which term describes thickness of blood?[a]Viscosity
[q]
Which blood quality is measured by Cardiac Output x Systemic Vascular Resistance?[a]Blood Pressure
[q]
Which term describes blood pressure when ventricles are relaxing?[a]Diastolic pressure
[q]
Which term describes blood pressure when ventricles are contracting?[a]Systolic pressure
[q]
Which nerve is activated in heart reflexes that affect breathing?[a]The Phrenic nerve
[q]
What is considered to be normal blood pressure for a body at rest?[a]120/80
[q]
Which condition describes a low blood pH?[a]Acidosis
[q]
Which condition describes too little O2 in the blood?[a]Hypoxia
[q]
Which condition describes too much CO2 in the blood?[a]Hypercapnia
[q]
Which blood chemistry conditions cause the vasoconstriction and an increase in heart & breathing rate?[a]WThis is the body’s response to hypoxia or hypercapnia.
[q]
Which reflex responds to low blood pressure in the head by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate?[a]Carotid reflex
[q]
Which reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing decrease in heart rate?[a]Right heart reflex
[q]
Which reflex responds to low blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction and increase in heart rate?[a]Aortic
[q]
Which reflex responds to high blood pressure in the head by causing vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate?[a]Carotid reflex
[q]
Which reflex responds to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart rate?[a]Right heart reflex
[q]
Which reflex responds to systemic high blood pressure by causing vasodilation and decrease in heart rate?[a]Aortic reflex
[q]
Which nerves carry motor commands to the heart?[a]Vagus N and Cardiac N
[q]
Which nerves carry sensory information to the cardiac centers?[a]Vagus N & Glossopharyngeal N
[q]
Which cardiac reflexe centers are contained in the medulla?[a]Blood pressure reflex centers
[q]
Which type of receptors are found in carotid and aortic artery reflexes as well as the atrium reflex?[a]Baroreceptors & chemreceptors
[q]
Which effect do the following have on resting heart rate: large body size, high level of fitness, decreased temperature?[a]Decreased resting heart rate
[q]
Which effect do the following have on resting heart rate: increased temperature, small body size and low level of fitness?[a]Increased resting heart rate
[q]
Which rule states that an increase in venous return will cause an increase in cardiac output (CO)?[a]Starling’s Law
[q]
Which heart function (SR or SV) do the following factors effect: ANS, chemicals, age, gender, fitness level and body size?[a]Stroke Rate
[q]
Which Inotropic agents include: Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Acidosis, Excess extracellular potassium, Ca++ channel blockers, beta blockers?[a]Negative Inotropic Agents
[q]
Which Inotropic agents include: epinephrine, NE, glucagon, thyroid hormone, dopamine & digitalis?[a]Positive Inotropic Agents
[q]
Which chemical agents weaken the contractile power of the heart?[a]Negative Inotropic Agents
[q]
Which chemical agents strengthen the contractile power of the heart?[a]Positive Inotropic Agents
[q]
Which factors do preload, venous return and afterload contribute to?[a]Stroke Volume
[q]
Which term describes the amount of pressure exerted by arterial blood, which must be overcome by left ventricle to force more blood into the aorta?[a]Afterload
[q]
Which term describes the amount of blood filling the heart before systole?[a]Preload
[/qdeck]